Cirad Tuber flour starch content computation D.Cornet D.Cornet Cirad Starch grain size computation A. Lopez-Montes Root knot nematode severity estimation in 1-5 IITA R_kns A.Amele Fruit harvest time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA IITA Big tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha A.Amele Leaf beetle damage severity estimation in 1-5 IITA Btl_S A. Lopez-Montes Boiled yam bitterness 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin IITA Number of branches per plant count A.Amele Senescence class estimation 1-9 IITA MatC A.Amele A.Amele IITA Weight of medium tubers per plant computation kgplt Stems per plant computation per plant stnp A. Lopez-Montes IITA 3 Thorny (small prominences ending in a small thorn) 3 Late (75% of the plants in a plot with still green foliage but few plants (upto 25% plants in a plot) showing up to 25% of leaves senescence IITA Mealybug incidence computation % M_Bi A. Lopez-Montes Boiled yam crumbness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi brownish white 7 Seed index computation 0 to 1 A.Amele IITA IITA Average tuber length measurement in cm TBRL A.Amele Boiled yam texture estimation 1-5 scale A.mele Txt_BY IITA Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam stickness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin A. Lopez-Montes Rot_Wt IITA Weight of rotten/diseased tubers per plot measurement in kg 4 like Cormtype IITA A.Amele Corm type estimation 1-3 Latency period duration computation in number of days from planting to 5% sprouts emergence D.Cornet Cirad Weight of big tubers per plot measurement in kg A.Amele Btbrwt IITA A.Amele Small tubers per plant compuatation IITA Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam stretchability scale 0-10 YamStr_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo IITA A. Amele Twining direction estimation 1-2 Cirad Growth cycle length computation in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence D.Cornet A. Lopez-Montes Appearance of tuber surface estimation 1-4 IITA Tuber oxidation estimation 1-3 A.Amele Oxid IITA Purplish green 4 Male flower 1 IITA Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation estimation 0-3 A.Amele A.Amele Shape of bulbil estimation 1-4 IITA Aetbrshap Petiole length measurement in cm A.Amele IITA Low (flowering is scare with the presence of few flowers mostly less than 10 inflorescences per plant) 3 Flowering intensity estimation 0-9 A. Lopez-Montes FLRI IITA Dayaetbrin IITA Times to bulbil initiation computation A.Amele IITA MTWPL Weight of big tubers per plant measurement in kg A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes Big tuber yield computation in t/ha IITA 6 Light yellow D.Cornet Tuber flour protein content computation Cirad A.Amele IITA Spine base color estimation nominal 0&1 IITA Color_PY pounded yam color estimation 1-5 scale A.mele 2 Hairy (few scattered or many roots in the surface of the tuber) Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam purpleness scale 0-100 A.Amele Big tuber width computation in cm IITA Btbrwidth A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber shape estimation 1-4 TUBSHA Txt_PY A.mele IITA Pounded yam texture estimation 1-3 scale Cirad D.Cornet Senescence period duration computation in days between 5 and 95% senescence Senescence earliness computation in days from median emergence to 5% senescence D.Cornet Cirad FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam chewingness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi Cirad Tuber color uniformity computation D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Number of internodes to first branching computation/plot 0 Non flowering A.Amele Scale insect infestation estimation 0-2 IITA Rotten tubers per plot counting number A.Amele NRDT IITA like extremely 5 A.Amele Number of leaves per plant count IITA Sprout color estimation 1-5 SPCOLO A. Lopez-Montes IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA End of flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtendFlr Big tuber length computation in cm A.Amele IITA A.Amele DM IITA Time to 50% foliage senescence computation in days IITA Field establishment rate compuation in % A.Amele Estbp-ratio IITA Big tubers per plant computation A.Amele 0 Abesnt A. Lopez-Montes fruit set number percentage IITA 0 Not granular Leaf length measurement in cm IITA A.Amele Con_Taste_PY Taste estimation 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele IITA Fruit setting time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA cormsep A.Amele Separability of corm estimation binary 0&1 2 26-50% tuber skin showing symptoms Medium tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA IITA Uniformity of tuber flesh color estimation binary 0&1 flcol_uni A.Amele VRSS A. Lopez-Montes virus severity estimation in 1-5 IITA Off-white 2 1 Yellowish 9 Brown 0 No purple 1 dislikeextremely 4 Monoecious female(f>m) IITA AnthracSev A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease severity estimation in 1-5 IITA AeTuber Bulbil presence estimation 0&1 A. Lopez-Montes D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flesh yellowness computation FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam sweetness 0-100 A.Amele INODL IITA Internode length computation in cm Cohesiveness estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA 4 Light grey IITA Corm estimation binary 0&1 A.Amele A.Amele IITA Fruit setting estimation 0&1 frtform pounded yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Aroma_PY A.mele IITA A. Lopez-Montes AetbrYld IITA Bulbil yield estimation in t/ha A.Amele Fruit development status estimation 1-2 IITA A.Amele Springness estimation 1-2 IITA Strepdym First inflorescence initiation time computation IITA A.Amele Secondary sprouting estimation nominal 0&1 IITA SECSP A.Amele sder A. Lopez-Montes IITA Seedling establishment rate percentage Off white 0 Tuber flesh color middle portion estimation 1-9 Flcolr_middle A. Lopez-Montes IITA Total tubers per plant computation A.Amele IITA A.Amele Mtbrwt IITA Weight medium tubers per plot measurement in kg A.Amele IITA Stem color estimatiion 1-5 A.Amele tbrwidth Average tuber width computation in cm IITA like extremely 5 IITA stemdim A.Amele Stem diameter computation in mm Lower surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 A.Amele IITA A.Amele Seeds germination start time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA DAFGR Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam black spots presence scale 0-100 IITA Stem height measurement in m A.Amele Crumby 100 IITA A.Amele Big tuber average weight computation in kg IITA A.Amele Weight of small tuber per plant computation kgplant Very Late (all the plants in a plot still show green foliage (green leaf and vine) 1 IITA Emerday A.Amele First sprout emergence time computation in days 10 Absence of lumps 2 dislike Cirad D.Cornet Crop cover compactness computation Moderate (producing some flowers mostly 10-29 inflorescences per plant) 5 Number of dry rot tubers count IITA A.Amele IITA Crossing date esimation in yy/mm/dd Polldate A.Amele Tuber dry rot incidence computation in % IITA A. Lopez-Montes S_Bri D.Cornet Cirad Duration of heterophyllic period computation in days after planting Lower surface vein color estimation 1-4 IITA A.Amele 2 slightly sticky DAYHS IITA Foliage senescence time computation in days A. Lopez-Montes Boiled yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Aroma_BY A.mele IITA Tuber flesh color measurement A.Amele Tbrflcolr IITA Pollinated florets counting IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color gradient computation D.Cornet Cirad 0 Absent IITA A. Lopez-Montes Canopy Canopy architecture estimation 1-4 A.Amele IITA Crazy roots presence estimation 0&1 VRSI IITA Virus incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes IITA Stbrwidth Small tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam odour scale 0-100 A. Lopez-Montes Weight of planted tubers computation/ gm SETW IITA Botseed A.Amele IITA True seeds harvested/cross counting Crop vigor computation in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Cirad D.Cornet regular 1 A.Amele IITA Young leaf color estimation 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes End of flowering time computation in days IITA Dayendflr 0 Very soft Cirad Tuber flesh color computation D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Upper surface vein color estimation 1-4 Sprout length measurement in cm A.Amele SPRTL IITA Cream 5 Flcolr_tail A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber flesh color lower portion estimation 1-9 plntsex IITA Plant sex estimation 0-4 flrsex A.Amele 4 Purple A. Lopez-Montes IITA Seeds set/fruit computation IITA Seeds germinated counting A.Amele Pounded yam appearance estimation 1-3 scale A.mele IITA Appearance_PY AetbrwtPl Bulbil yield per plant measurement in kg A.Amele IITA IITA Corm size estimation 1-3 Cormsize A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes IITA FRTINT Fruit set number estimation 1-3 Taste_BY Boiled yam taste estimation 1-5 scale A.mele IITA 2 Oval Neither like nor dislike 3 Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam fibrousness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin IITA Medium tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Mtbrwidth Established plants counting/plot A.Amele Estbp-N IITA Tuber flesh whiteness computation D.Cornet Cirad A.Amele IITA Leaf width measurement in cm A.Amele IITA Small tubers per plot counting number IITA A.Amele First sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd Emerdt Seeds sown/family counting A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Plant stand harvested count IITA No_stdh A.Amele Spines on sprout presence estimation nominal 0&1 IITA Ratiosp A.Amele, A. Lopez-Mentes IITA Proportion of emerged plants (sprouts) computation/% Anthracnose symptoms covering ~26 t0 ~50% of the plant. One or two spots of more than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface. Small dark and no dried spots with more than 1 cm width, are present 3 D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flesh brownness computation 0 No symptoms A. Lopez-Montes AnthracInc yam anthracnose disease incidence computation % IITA Pounded yam smoothness scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo YamSmot_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria IITA yam starch breakdown RVT A.Amele A.Amele Fruit maturity time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam brownness scale 0-100 Foliage senescence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA DateHS A.Amele 0 Big lumps A. Lopez-Montes IITA Seed germination rate percentage GR Average tuber weight computation in kg A.Amele IITA Not streachable 0 Aetbrp A. Lopez-Montes Bulbils per plot count IITA Not crumby 0 IITA DtFlrin Flower initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd A. Lopez-Montes 50% sprout emergence time computation in days A.Amele DyFemer IITA Female flowering intensity per spike estimation 1-4 A.Amele fflrab IITA Flowering time computation in days IITA DF A.Amele Dayflrin Fower initiation time computation in days A. Lopez-Montes IITA Leaf apex shape estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA 9 Extremely pofuse (plant producing with abundant flowring mostly more than 50 inflorescences per plant) S_Brs Tuber dry rot severity estimation 0-4 A. Lopez-Montes IITA Fruits harvested per cross counting A. Lopez-Montes Matfrt IITA 1 very bitter A.Amele IITA Total tuber weight per plant computation in kg 3 few thorns or spines on tuber surface Present 100 A.Amele Fruit index computation 0 to 1 IITA Seedling survival rate percentage A.Amele IITA GH Plant type estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA Cirad Emergence vigor computation in number of days between 5% and 95% sprouts emergence D.Cornet Dorm A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber dormancy period estimation IITA Medium size tuber length computation in cm A.Amele A.Amele IITA Tuber surface crack estimation 0-3 7 Yellow 1 Rough 5 Medium (50% of the plants are still green or on the onset of senescence. Only 50% plants in a plot with 25% of the leaves showing senescence or slight yellowing A.Amele Vine cuttings planted count IITA 2 Slightly bitter IITA Smoothness estimation 1-3 A.Amele Bowen University, Nigeria YamHar_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam hardness scale 0-10 A.Amele IITA Inflorescence type estimation IITA A.Amele Spines on stem estimation 0-2 Stbrwt A.Amele IITA Weight of small tubers per plot measurement in kg 3 highly oxidizing A.Amele IITA First leaf emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd 0 No Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam granuleness 0-100 IITA DAEGR End of seeds germination time estiamtion in yy/mm/dd A.Amele A.Amele Fiber estimation 1-2 IITA dislike 2 TBR_Hairy Hairiness of tuber estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes IITA 1 not attractive Many 2 Tuber beetle severity estimation in 1-5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tbets Very sticky 10 0 Absent A.Amele IITA Medium tubers per plant computation A.Amele Stem hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Aetubwtp Bulbil weight per plot measurement in kg IITA IITA Mealybug severity estimation in 1-5 M_Bs A. Lopez-Montes 2 moderately attractive 100 Present IITA Presence of tuber dry rot estimation in 0&1 A.Amele A.Amele DFM IITA Times to fruit maturity computation in days slighty irregular 3 A. Lopez-Montes IITA Pollinated spikes counting NPOLS Stickiness estimation 1-3 Con_Stick_PY A. Lopez-Montes IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam whiteness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi 5 Medium mouldability 100 Fibers A.Amele Total tuber yield computation in t/ha TubYld IITA White 1 Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam mouldability scale 0-10 YamMoul_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria Leaf position estiamtion 1-3 A.Amele IITA Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele Pollmech IITA Pollination type estimation 1-4 A.Amele IITA Upper surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA Time to 50% foliage senescence estimation in yy/mm/dd DATS A.Amele Cirad Heterophylly presence estimation nominal 0&1 D.Cornet TDMC IITA Dry matter content percentage A. Lopez-Montes 100 Easy Aetbrpl A.Amele Bulbils per plant computation IITA 1 oxidizes less than a minure YamCol_Meas_1to9 Bowen University, Nigeria Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam colour scale 1-9 A.Amele Internode length measurement in cm IITA Bowen University, Nigeria YamStic_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam stickness scale 0-10 1 Few Appearance_BY Boiled yam appearance estimation 1-5 scale A.mele IITA Tuber thorniness intensity estimation 0-7 A.Amele IITA Difficult to cut 100 0 Difficult IITA Mature leaf color estimation 1-5 A.Amele A.Amele Vine cutting establishment rate percentage IITA Cylindrical 3 attribute IITA Leaf density estimation 1-7 A.Amele Few anthracnose spots or sysmptoms on 1 t0 ~25% of the plant. One or two spots of less than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface 2 IITA Flesh oxidation color estimation 1-4 A.Amele Tuber surface texture estimation 1-2 A. Lopez-Montes IITA oxidizes between 1 and 2 minure after cutting 2 3 Neutral 0 Absent Long (More than 50% of the tubers sprouted at three month after harvesting time) 4 IITA Aetbrin A. Lopez-Montes Bulbil initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Sprout hairiness estimation nominal 0&2 A.Amele 2 dislike Root knot nematode incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes R_Kni IITA Severe necrosis and death of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue more than 1.5 cm of diameter and covering a great proprotion of the leaf surface. Yellowing of the gree tissue is generalised in the leaf blade. 5 dislikeextremely 1 IITA 50% sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtFemer A.Amele Profuse (plant producing many more flowers mostly 30 to 50 inflorescences per plant) 7 A.mele IITA Color_BY Boiled yam color estimation 1-5 scale 5 highly irregular 5 Intermediate IITA Tbeti Tuber beetle incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes 3 Neither like nor dislike 3 Neither like nor dislike acronym Total tuber weight per plot computation in kg A.Amele IITA 8 deep purple 0 Non sticky sweet 4 0 no oxidization D.Cornet Number of nodes carrying cataphylles before first true leaf counting/plant Cirad 3 Dark green Flcolr_head A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color upper portion estimation 1-9 IITA IITA A.Amele First inflorescence initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd Medium stickiness 5 A.Amele Tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha IITA A.Amele IITA Root position estimation 1-4 like 4 3 oxidizes more than 3 minutes Easy to cut 0 Cirad Tuber flour sugar content computation D.Cornet Absent 0 IITA DtFFlr Flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele dislikeextremely 1 like 4 IITA Maturity time estimation GGD A.Amele Twining habit estimation 0-1 A.Amele TWNH IITA absence 0 Tuber flesh texture estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele A.Amele Time to first leaf emergence computation IITA Sweet 100 2 Rough IITA Leaf beetle damage incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes Btl_I Leaf shape estimation 1-7 IITA A.Amele 9 very early (The plants are completely senescent, yellowing is complete and uniform (both leaves and vines 100% senescence) 1 presence D.Cornet Cirad Maximum ground cover computation in % 76-100% tuber skin showing symptoms 4 Yes 1 51-75% tuber skin showing symptoms 3 0 Low slightly oxidizing 1 IITA Thorn A. Lopez-Montes Tuber thorniness estimation 0&1 Sticky 100 3 Yellow like 4 Mouldable 10 100 Pure white sticky 1 7 early (The plants have senescent foliage (75% of the plants in a plot with 50% leaves showing sign of yellowing but the vines still green) 1-25% tuber skin showing symptoms 1 100 Brown Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam bitter after taste 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Absent 0 no thorns or spines on tuber surface 0 3 Low IITA TUBSIZE Tuber size estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes IITA Total tubers per plot computation A.Amele Not mooldable 0 Monoecious male (m>f) 3 strong or hard or lumpy 1 Sett-N A.Amele Tubers planted counting/plot IITA Pale green 2 High 100 1 Present Very hard 10 Earliness of emergence computation in number of days from planting to 50% sprouts emergence Cirad D.Cornet 100 Bitter 8 Light brown 100 Purple A.Amele IITA Emerged plants counting/plot 4 Symptom on >51% of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue and covering a signifcant proprotion of the leaf surface. Areas with less than 1 cm width are coalescing to bigger spots also. Yellowing of green tissue is intense around the spots areas. Purple 5 Creamy white 2 Medium stretchability 5 Smooth 1 orange 9 A. Lopez-Montes Plant vigor estimation 1-3 IITA PLNV 3 Not sticky 7 Many thorns or spines on tuber surface IITA A.Amele Small size tuber length computation in cm very sweet 5 No flower or bud. No inflorescence and not flowering at all 0 High 7 A.Amele Big tubers per plot counting number IITA like extremely 5 4 Fully smooth 4 Irregular Yam ontology 6 creamy Fruits developed per cross counting IITA FrtN A. Lopez-Montes entity 1 White 2 intermediate female flower 2 No visible symptoms of anthracnose disease or infection spot on the leaf surface 1 soft or smooth 3 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam hardness scale 0-100 1 aborted flower. Presence of small or rudimentary inflorescences/flowers that can show an abortion or abscission point at joint of the pedicel Spherical 1 0 No brown 100 Granular 5 Purplish white 5 like extremely 3 very attractive 10 Very stretchable No fibers 0 Not sticky 0 Grey 3 Score the intensity of tuber flesh oxidation (flesh surface color change) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using scale Tuber flesh oxidation intensity-Estimation Record date of 50% plants in a plot are showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Estimation number of seed Ability to set or form fruts-Estimation Observe fruit setting or formation of female flowers of monoeciouse and dieciouse plants and rate the ability set for form fruits TbrSz Tuber size Tuber Tuber size Size Record the total number of true seed or botanical seed harvested or obtained per cross or family Quantity of true seed harvested -Counting colbldyam Boiled yam color Optical color or pigmentation of boiled yam Boiled yam color Record emergence of new secondary sprouts from the planted seed tuber/sett in a plot at three months after planting Secondary sprouting - estimation 1-5 scale Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover of subplot - Computation Averaged crop vigor expressed in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover in subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 80% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Record the weight of medium size ( ? 500 gm and <1 kg) tubers in a net plot Medium size tubers fresh weight per plot -measurement Spines on sprout presence SPNSP Presense Presence of spines on sprout (vines) Spine on sprout Period from 5% to 95% emergence Computation of the substraction between the necessary time before 95% and 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Time to 50% flowering 50% flowering time Plant Time when 50% of the plants flower in a plot TIMFL number of tubers Plant Foliage senescence time TIMfsen Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Senescence time germination ending time Time last seed germination occurred Seeds germination end time Seed germend Plant VirusSev Virus severity Grade of reaction of the plant to the viruses infection, varying from mottle, mosaics until total leaves deformation Virus severity abondance Female flowering intensity Flower Intensity or abudance of female flowers on spikes/infloresences fflrint Medium size tubers weight per plot Weight Medium tuber Weight of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) in a net plot or unit area MTW Smoothness of pounded yam- Estimation Score the smoothnessof the pounded yam , i.e., absence of lumps by finger feeling and using intensity scale Average tuber weight Average tuber weight in kg Tuber ATW Weight Plant Mean number of nodes carrying cataphylles on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Number Number of nodes carrying cataphylles Sample is pressed with the index finger Shape regularity Tuber Tuber shape regularity Regularity of tuber shape Texture in the hand hardness method hairiness Hairs on sprout (vines) HAIRSP Sprout hairiness Sprout True seeds harvested Tsdh Number Number of true seed harvested or obained per cross or family True seed Crumbness in hand Boiled root Boiled yam crumbness BoilYamHdCrum Property of the product to crumble or break between the fingers Btbrwd Length Big size tuber width Big tuber Average width of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Number of seed tubers planted in a plot or unit area Tubers planted Number NTP Seed tuber Sweetness 0-100 TIMsen 50% Senescence time Time when 50% of the plants in a plot are showing signs of foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence Plant Tuber wideth-computation Compute the average tuber width of all size measurement taken in a net plot kg/plant Times to first sprout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date first sprout or plant in a plot or unit area emerged After swallowing, observe the feeling or sensation of the bitter taste on the tongue and assess its intensity Taste method Dryrot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot presence Yam tuber dry rot presence Tuber Emergence vigor Elapsed time between time of 5th and 95th percentiles emergence sprouts in a plot Sprout Period duration from first to last sprouts emergence Seedling establishment rate-computation Compute the proportion of seedlings per family (cross) establish well and ready for transplanting, usually recorded at five weeks after sowing. Count the number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils produced per net plot. Number of bulbil - Counting Intensity of spines on stem (vine) above base of mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Spine SPNAB Spines on stem density density Boiled yam easiness to chew BoilYamMthChew Ease of chewing Property related to the number of chews necessary to swallow the product Boiled root Softness is when it is quite easy to compress the sample, while hardness is when force is used to compress the sample or takes effort to compress the sample Pounded yam hardness Hardness YamHdHar Pounded yam number of spikes Force required to cut/break with fork Boiled root BoilYamHdHard Hardness of cutting or breaking Boiled yam hardness Ability of pounded yam to stretch when pulled apart with fingers YamHdStr Pounded yam stretchability Stretchability Pounded yam seed set ratio Seed Seed index is an estimation of pollinated flowers producing seeds Seed index Date end of seed germination-Estimation Record date the last seed germination observed per cross or family Sprout length-computation Compute the average sprout length of five representative plants measurement taken in a plot days 1-3 general scale Appearance method Observe the surface of product and evaluate the frequency/number of the black points Anthracnose incidence - Estimation Compute the proportion of anthracnose damaged individuals or their parts , commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Count anthracnose disease ?blight? or leaf spot affected plants in plot twice (First inspection at 10 to 12 weeks post planting and second inspection after 2 to 4 weeks before harvesting ) and compute the proportion of damanged Taste of boiled yam-Estimation Feel the taste of boiled yam in mouth and make sensory score using scale how pleasing to the taste 0-2 scale Tuber TNTPL Number of tubers harvested per plant Total tubers per plant Number YamHdMoul Pounded yam mouldability/cohesiveness Pounded yam Mouldability/cohesiveness Ability of the pounded yam to stick together easily without disintegrating or cohesive and being easy to mould. Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Number Tuber Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dryrot Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in cross-section ( from cortex to center) Tuber cross section Tuber flesh cross-section color uniformity Utfc color Crazy roots Appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface CRZROOT Crazy roots presence presence Put the product between the molars and mash it to assess the number of chews before swallowing Texture in the mouth method Starch breakdown-Estimation A 1.7 g portion of starch was mixed with 25 g of distilled water in the RVA sample can, after correction for the original moisture contents of the starches Yam odour scale 0-100 Pollination type Flower pollination type Polltyp Mode of plant to plant pollen transfer uniteless 1-4 scale Tuber flesh The surface yellowness of the yam tuber flesh color Yellowness of the Flesh colour Record time (date) of first flower initiation in a plot or the date any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Flower initaition time - Estimation Black spots presence scale 0-100 number of fruits Number of bulbil Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Aerial tuber Bulbp Number 0-7 scale 1-3 scale Leaf beetle incidence Lfbtinc Leaf Incidence of leaf beetle damage. Leaf beetle damage incidence Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per plant-computation Compute the weight to harvested bulbils per plant Tuber beetle severity or intensity estimated usually as number of nymph present in tubers at harvesting time. Tuber beetle severity - Estimation Date (yyyymmdd) Crazy roots presence on tubers at harvest-Estimation Record appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface at harvest Weight of rotten/diseased tubers Rotten tuber weight RDTW Weight Rotten Tuber Record time (date) when the plant does not produce more new flowers in a plot End of flowering time - Estimation tuber number/plant plants per plot Seed germstart germination starting time Time the first seed germination occurred Seeds germination start time GDD°C Root knot severity caused by Meloidogyne spp. Tuber Root knot nematode severity Root knot nematode severity RKNSev Tuber Dryrot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Yam tuber dry rot severity Dry rot severity Tuber flesh texture Texture of tuber flesh texture Tuber flesh Txf Smoothnessof the material, i.e., absence of lumps Pounded yam Smoothness smthpdym Smoothness of pounded yam Vine cuttings planted -counting Count the numeber vine cuttings planted Frtset Fruit Times fruit formation or set on monoeciuse or femal flowers of dioeciouse yam plants Fruiting ability Time to fruit setting Inflorescence Inflorescence type The arrangement of flowers on stem or twig of a plant type Inft shape Leaf apex shape Leaf apex Leaf apex shape Lfapx Fruits developed number - Counting Record the number of developed fruits or fruit set in pollinated flowers/inflorescence Record the weight of big size ( ?1 kg) tubers in a net plot Big size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Pounded yam smoothness Smoothness Absence of lumps Pounded yam YamHdSmot Leaf beetle damage severity Severity of leaf beetle damage. Lfbtsev Leaf Leaf beetle severity kg Score corm status of tubers using a binary scale Corm on tubers-Estimation Corm size-Estimation Record corm size in relation to tuber size using three scale Anthracnose severity caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. The reaction of plants in a plot to anthracnose infestation (blight or leaf spot) under screenhouse or in the field under natural infestation or artificial inoculation Yam anthracnose disease severity YADS Plant Anthracnose severity 1-2 scale Leaf mlfcol color The leaf surface color or pigmentation Leaf color Small tuber Length Average length of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Stbrleng Small size tuber length Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers harvested in a net plot Total fresh tuber weight per plot Tuber TTWP weight Measure the length and width of tuber using measuring tape and record the length /with ratio Colour scale 1-9 Shape of tuber - computation Bulbil shape-Estimation Record shape of bulbils or aerial tubers in scale Oxidation color Tuber flesh oxidation color Tuber Foxdc Surface color resulting of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation corsz Size of corm in relation to tuber Size Corm Corm size Twining direction Twining direction twndir twining direction Vine Scale insect infestation - Estimation Observe and score scale insect infestation on tuber at harvest Boiled yam bitter after taste During chewing, bitter taste after swallowing, eg there is a light bitter aftertaste Boiled root Bitterness after taste BoilYamBitteraft 1-5 scale Type cortyp Corm type Corm type Corm Observe and record the fresh cut flesh surface color at the middle part of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color middle portion - Estimation starchbrk The breakdown of yam starch extracted from fresh tubers were determined using a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA-TecMaster, Perten Instruments, Australia) starch Yam starch breakdown Tuber Colored spots on spine base-Estimation Record of the existance of colored spot at base of spines on a sprout (vine) Place of roots on tubers Position of appearance of roots at surface of tubers Prtbs Tuber Roots position Stems per plant Stem Nstem Number of stems (vines) with leaves and branches per plant number 1-3 scale Measure the stem diameter at 15 cm above the base of five plants before senescence in a plot and record the average Stem diameter-computation TNTP Total tubers per plot Tuber Number of total (all size) tubers in a net plot or unit area Number Measure the length of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg ) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of medium size tubers-Computation Root knot nematode severity - Estimation Root knot nematode severity estimation in a range from no symptoms to highly severe galling scored in secondary roots of the plant and tubers adventitious roots. First inflorescence time - Compuation Compute the number of days required to first inflorescence emergence in a plot Tuber number/plot arombldyam Boiled yam aroma Boiled yam The sense of smell or odor of boiled yam that reaches the nose before eating or the boiled yam reaches the mouth aroma Compute the sum all category or size of tubers (Big, medium, small size, and rotten and diseased) fresh weight per plot Total tuber fresh weight per plot -computation Leaf length lflngth Leaf length Length of leaf Lfden Leaf density Variation in leaf mass of the plant density Leaf Tuber yield no adjusted- Computation Computed as total tuber weight per plot divided by size of net or effective harvest plot and result multiplied by 10 Leaf Arrangement of leaves on stem or vine arrangement Leaf position lfpst BoilYamBrow Boiled root surface Brown colour of product after cooking Brownness Boiled yam brownness Plant TIMEF End of flowering time or when a plant does not produce new flower in a plot end of flowering time Time to end of flowering Canopy Senescence duration Senescence duration Time between 5 and 95% senescence Sample is pressed firmly between the fingers Texture in the hand smoothness method Tuber Mealybug tuber infestation severity Severity of mealybug tuber infestation. MbugSev Mealybug tuber infestation severity Number of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) per plant NMTPL Medium size tubers per plant Number Medium tuber Number of internode-computation Compute average number of internodes to first branching of at least five plants internode counts taken in a plot Presence of cataphylles during early stage Presence Heterophylly presence Plant This is when the pounded yam sticks or adhere to the fingers when it is touched with fingers or during moulding into bolus for swallowing. Pounded yam stickiness YamHdStic Pounded yam Stickiness sderat Establishment rate Seedling Establishment rate Seedling Establishment rate of seedlings Boiled root BoilYamHdFibr Refers to the presence of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Fibrousness in hand Boiled yam fibrousness Leaf beetle severity - Estimation Assess the leaf beetle infestation at two and five months after planting and record its severity Visual assessment of spines on a stem (vine) above the base of mature plants in a plot Density of spines on stem base of a plant-Etimation Odour method Take a whiff and evaluate the intensity of yam odour tons/ha Viruses infection severity - Estimation Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by virus disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected using visual five ordinal scale . Predominant severity per plot must be registered at least thrice : 8 to 10 weeks after planting, 4 to 6 weeks after first scoring and the last scoring at 4 to 6 weeks after the second scoring NVP Vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted number Plant Record time in minutes lasted for cut tuber flesh to become or not oxidized and score in scale Tuber oxidation-Estimation Length of big size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Observe the optical color or pigementation of pounded yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of pounded yam-Estimation Score the degree of fruit development in scale Fruit development intensity-Estimation STMDM Stem diameter diameter Stem Stem diameter of a mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) number of leaf Sex Predominat plant or flower sex Flower sex Plant sex Compute number of days required from sprout emergence to 50% of plants in a plot start forming bulbils or aerial tubers Bulbil initiation time - Computation Sprout length Sprout Spleng Length of sprouted shoots (vines) length Tuber flesh color computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the average of the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Plant Abundance or degree of flowering Flowering intensity Flrint flowering intensity Corm Presence Presence or absence of corm on tuber corm Corm on tuber Big size yam yield adjusted-computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per per plant mutiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Observe the occurance or presence of dry rot caused by nematods (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) on harvested tubers and record the presence and absence Dry rot presence on harvested tubers-Estimation The surface browness of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color Browness of the Tuber flesh colour Fruit Fruit index is an estimation of pollinated flowers developing physiologically mature fruits Fruit index fruiting ratio Chewingness scale 0-100 0-1 scale Pollination type-Estimation Record the method used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same or different plant of the same species Purpleness scale 0-100 weight Big size tuber weight per plant Big tuber WBTPL Weight of big size tubers per plant 50% flowering time - Computation Compute the number of days required from 50% of sprouts in plot emerged to 50% of plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Presence of fiber strand-Estimation Score the presence or absence of ?ber strands on pounded yam Total tuber weight per plant weight Tuber Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers per plant TTWPL 1-5 general scale Assess hairiness of leaf surface (lower part) Leaf hairiness - Estimation Boiled root Boiled yam granuleness BoilYamMthGran Refers to the presence of small grains during chewing Granuliness in mouth BoilYamPurp Boiled yam purpleness Purple colour tending to pink after cooking Purpleness Boiled root surface Tuber Cracks Tuber cracks CTBRS Cracks on tuber surface Number NMTP Medium tuber Number of medium size tubers that weighing ? 0.5kg and <1 kg in a net plot or unit area Medium size tubers per plot Count the emerged plants (sprouts) per plot every week starting from first plant/sprout emergence date till the last plant or spourt emerge in a plot Emerged sprouts -Counting growth habit Plant type A tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread Plant Plntype Stand harvested number NPH Haversted plant Number of plants harvested number Computed the yield of bulbil per hectare using the formula. Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per hectar- Computation Established plants NESP Number Plant Number of well established plants ( plants growing with good vigour and without severe constraints) in a plot Leaf shape shape Lfshp Leaf Leaf shape of plants Time of the first flower initiation on a plant/s in a plot or any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Plant Flower initiation time TIMFlrin Time to flower initiation Length of small size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average 50% flowering time - Estimation Record time (date) 50% plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence 0-1 binary scale Record date when plant/s having the first inflorescence in a plot First inflorescence time - Estimation G.Arnau The pounded yam is touched and pulled apart with the fingers Flesh oxidation quantitative computation Texture in the hand stretchabilitymethod Cirad Record the smoothness or roughness of tuber skin in visual scale Tuber surface texture - Estimation TIMFrtM Time to fruit maturity Times 90% of fruits attain physiological maturity Maturity time Fruit Stem color - Estimation Record the predominant color of stem on mature plant at five to six month after emergence using a five color scale Big tuber NBTP Big size tubers per plot Number of big size tubers that weighing ?1 kg in a net plot or unit area Number Tuber Appearance Tbrappr Tuber surface look in relation to presence or absence of roots, thorns and sprouted buds on the tuber surface Tuber appearance Tuber flesh oxidation color-Estimation Record the flesh enzymatic oxidation color using color scale Pollinated florets number number Inflorescence NpollF Quantity of Female Flowers which has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent Medium tuber Length Mtbrleng Medium size tuber length Average length of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area status Fruit Fruit development status on monoecious and female flower of dioeciouse yam plant FrtDev Status of fruit development Time to first leaf emergence Leaf emergence time TIMLE Time to the first leaf emergence on a plant or sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Earliness of emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 50% emergence sprouts in a plot Period duration from planting to 50% sprout emergence Sprout Number of true seeds sown-counting Record the number of true seeds sown per cross or family yield Big size tubers yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Big tuber Big size yam yield BTYld Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ? 500 gm and <1 kg harvested per effective plot Medium size tubers harvested number- counting 0-4 scale color Tuber flesh The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tbrfclr Tuber flesh color Observe the regularity of tuber shape in visual scale Mouldability scale 0-10 Shape regularity - estimation Corm separation from tuber corsep Corm separability from tuber Corm separation Tuber flesh browning Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Bulbil initiation time duration TIMbulb Aerial tuber Time to bulbil initiation Medium size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of medium size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Boiled root Property related to the adhesion of the product between the fingers BoilYamHdStick Boiled yam stickness Stickness in hand Fruits/cross Root knot nematode incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers showing root knot nematode symptoms from the total number of harvested tubers in effective plot Big size yam fresh weight per plant- computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of big size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot 1-3 scale Flower initaition time - Computation Computing the number of days required from first sprout emergence to first flower initiation Score the sticknes or adhesiveness of pounded yam to consumern fingur using sensory test panelist Stickiness of pounded yam - Estimation 1-5 scale 1-7 general scale Severity of tuber beetle damage. Tubtlsev Tuber beetle severity Tuber Tuber beetle severity Length Big size tuber length Average length of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Btbrleng Big tuber cm Compute average tuber length of all size tubers measurement taken in a net plot Tuber length-Computation Small size tubers per plot NSTP Number of small size tubers that weighing <0.5kg in a net plot or unit area Number Small tuber Measure the width of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using vernier calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of big size tubers-Computation Growth cycle length Canopy Time between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Growth cycle length Calculated as weight of big size tubers per plot divided by total number of big size tubers per plot Big yam tuber average weight-computation Boiled yam texture Boiled yam texture txtboiledyam The physical attributes of boiled yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands scale_of Count the number of pollinated florets per female parent per cross Floret pollinated number - Counting yam flour Starch grain size Size Mean starch grain size of yam tuber flour The vigour of the vine and leaves of the new plant. Plant Vigor vigor PVigor Plant Vines established-computation Compute the proportion or ratio of vines cuttings survive and producing shoots from the total of planted vine cuttings color Stem color Stmcol Stem The surface color of stem hairiness llfhair Leaf Hairiness of leaf surface Leaf hairiness Sample is touched with fingers or moulded in the hands Tuber flesh oxidation Tuber flesh Texture in the hand stickness method Oxidation ratio of flesh Flesh oxidation Tbrleng Tuber Average length of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Tuber length Length number of branch 0-4 general scale Compute the sum of all category/size tubers (big, medium, small and rotten/diseased) in a net plot Total tuber harvested number-computation Tuber flour starch content yam flour content Tuber flour starch content sprgpdym Springiness Distance to which the deformed material can be sretchable Pounded yam Springiness of pounded yam Tbrtxtur texture Tuber Tuber surface texture Tuber surface smoothness Determination of the predominant shape in the entire family/plot as a unit Tuber shape - Estimation Record absence or presence of spines on a sprout (vine) Spines on sprout base-estimation Aerial tuber Shape Bulbil shape Bulbsp Predominant shape of the bulbils Tfoxd Tuber flesh oxidation Tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber Enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber flesh color reading -measurement Measure the flesh surface color of tuber (head, middle and tail portion) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using colorimeter (a color spectrophotometer) or standard color chart. Tuber Presence of secondary roots on the tuber bark Tuber hairiness RTBS hairiness architecture Canopy architecture Canarc Canopy Organisation or structural arrangements of branchs and leaves distribution giving a specific shape to the above ground part of the plant Whitness of the Flesh colour The surface whiteness of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color The sense of smell or odor of pounded yam that reaches the nose before eating or the pounded yam reaches the mouth Pouned yam aroma Pounded yam aroma arompoundedyam Seedling tranplant survival rate-computation Compute the proportion of seedlings survived or established well after transplant operation Sprout Secondary sprouting Emergence of secondary sprouts on a plant Secondary sprouting SecSP Basic light sugary taste like a little glucose or sucrose in water solution Sweetness Boiled yam sweetness Boiled root BoilYamSweet YADI Yam anthracnose disease incidence Anthracnose incidence Plant Anthracnose incidence caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. % of anthracnose ?blight? or leaf spotaffected plants in a plot 0-2 scale Medium tuber Mtbrwd Average width of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Medium size tuber width Vein color Color or pigmentation of leaf vein vein color Leaf lveincol Times to the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Computation Compute the number of days required from first sprout emergence to the first leaf to emerge on a sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Canopy architecture - Estimation Determination of predominant canopy architecture Count the number of pollinated spikes per female parent per cross Pollinated spike number - Estimation Pounded yam texture Pounded yam txtpoundedyam The physical attributes of pounded yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands texture Weight Small tuber Weight of small size yam per plant WSTPL Small size tuber weight per plant Number of bulbil - Computation Count number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils on plants in a net plot and compute the average number bulbils per plant YamCol Colour Pounded yam colour Pounded yam The degree of whiteness of the pounded yam sample like a plain white paper or white flip chart/colour of boiled egg albumen, or Colour of the pounded yam comparable to that of Soymilk or “Eba” from white “Gaari”, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to that of greyness covering a boiled egg yolk, or colour of pounded yam, or colour of pounded yam comparable to that of evaporated liquid milk such as Peak milk, or colour of pounded yam comparable to boiled egg yolk that is light in colour, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to deep colour of Yellow maize, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour whole wheat meal or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour of carton paper. Time first sprout emergence-Estimation Record date of first spout emergence in a plot Number of seeds developed per fruit after hand flowers pollination number Seeds set per fruit SdSet Set seed per Fruit method_of Setts or seed yams planted weight - Computation Measure the weight of N planted tubers (seed yams or setts) and record the average Stretchability scale 0-10 Flesh oxidation - computation Score the length oxidation (from head) and the length tuber and record the oxidation length / length tuber ratio Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of small size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Small size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Senescence time Datfsen Plant Foliage senescence time Tubers (seed yams or setts) planted - Counting Count the number of tubers (seed yams or setts) planted per plot (unit area) Stem height height Height or the length of stem Stem Stmht Number Seed sown Quantity of botanical or true seeds sown per family or cross Seeds sown Sdsown Exsistence of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber thorniness Tuber Thorn Thorniness kg/plot Black points presence Boiled yam surface black points presence Refers to the presence of small black points on the surface of product Boiled root surface BoilYamBlackspo Fruit harvesting time- Estimation Record the date of fruits harvest in a crossing block or from plant Measure the length from lobes to the tip using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant and at leat five plants on a plot), and record the average length Leaf length - computation Total tubers per plant-computation Compute as the total number of tubers in a net plot divided by the number of harvested plant per net plot Percentage Senescence- Estimation Observe the status of foliage senescence (leaf or vine yellowing) of plants in plot at 6 month onward and rate the maturity status Aroma of boiled yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the boiled yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the boiled yam to eat appearance Pounded yam appearance apppoundedyam Pounded yam The optical appearance of pouned yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of pounded yam structure Fruits harvested number - Counting Record the number of harvested fruits per cross Medium tuber weight WMTPL Weight of medium size tuber yam per plant Medium size tuber weight per plant Observe the presence or absence of hairs on stem surface Hair on stem - Estimation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date 50% of sprouts or plants in a plot emerged Times to 50% spout emergence-Computation Record the twining or climbing direction of the vine Twining direction-Estimation Compute the proportion or ratio of well-established plants in a plot from the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted Field establishment-Computation Degree to which particles of a sample stick together or how moldable it is Pounded yam cohpdym Cohesiveness of pounded yam Cohesiveness Bitterness 0-100 Observe the optical color or pigementation of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of boiled yam-Estimation Mealybug tuber incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers infested with mealybugs from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot at time of harvesting. Leaf Number of leaves Nlfyp The number of leaves on a plant Number Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Canopy Maximum ground cover Plant Foliage senescence or maturity class Senescence SE Maturity class Wideth Tuber Tuber width Average width of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Tbrwd stmhair Stem hairiness Hairiness of stem hairiness Stem Tuber Intoxd Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Tuber flesh oxidation intensity Oxidation intensity Sample is put in the hands and moulded Texture in the hand mouldability method Shape regularity estimation 0-2 G.Arnau Cirad Plant or flower sex-Estimation Scoring the most frequent flower sex type when more than 50% of the plants are flowered Visual assessment of the tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain mature height and spread Plant type-Estimation Texture of boiled yam-Estimation Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when boiled yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture in the hand method After breaking or cutting, breaking or crumbling, evaluate the intensity of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye taste Tastebldyam Boiled yam taste Boiled yam Taste of boiled yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Time of first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Estimation Record time of the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vine) Record the intensity of tuber hairs or secondary roots on the surface of harvested tubers Hairiness of tuber bark - Estimation Number of well established plants -Counting Take count of well established plants in a plot usually at two months after planting Weight Small size tubers weight per plot Small tuber Weight of small size tubers ( <0.5kg ) in a net plot or unit area STW Aerial tuber Presence of bulbil Presence of bulbils or aerial tubers in the nodes of the vines Bulbil Bulbil presence Time from median emergence to 5% senescence Growth duration Canopy Senescence earliness Intensity or proportion of fruit set or development under open or controlled pollination. Fruit set Fruit set number NFrtSet Proportion Period duration from planting to first sprouts emergence Latency before emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 5th percentile emergence sprouts in a plot Sprout Nodes carrying cataphylles - Counting Compute the average of the number of nodes carrying cataphylles on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly petlngth Lengh Petiole length Petiole Length of petiole Number of stems per plant-computation Compute average of the number of stems (vines) per established plants in a plot Tubtlinc Tuber beetle incidence Tuber Incidence of tuber beetle damage. Tuber beetle incidence Observe the arrangement of leaves on stem or vine and rate it Leaf position - Estimation Appearance of boiled yam-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Record leaf shape of mature plants in a plot Leaf shape-Estimation Twining habit TWNH Tendency of climbing or trailling Plant twining habit Score the degree to which particles of a pounded yam stick together or how moldable it is using intensity scale Cohesiveness of pounded yam- Estimation 1-5 scale Weight of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Aerial tuber Bulbil weight Bulbwtp Weight Record the abundance or intesity of flowering when more than 50% of the plants are flowered in a plot Flowering intensity - Estimation Seed index Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing seeds Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Color difference bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter TubDMC Tuber Tuber dry matter content Dry matter content Proportion of dry matter in the tuber. BoilYamBitt Boiled yam bitterness Boiled root Basic bitter taste like small quantity of quinine or caffeine in water Bitterness Tuber Tuber predominant shape Tuber shape TbrSh Shape Big tuber BTYA yield Big size tubers yield adjusted tons per hectare Big size tuber yield adjusted Total tuber yield yield TTYNA Tuber Total tuber yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Stickiness StickPndedYam Stickiness of pounded yam The degree to which the pounded yam is adhesive or stick to the fingure, mouth surface and teeth Pounded yam Scale insect infestation Scale insect infestation on tubers at harvest scale insect infestation Scalisec Tuber taste TastePndedYam Taste of pounded yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Pounded yam Taste of pounded yam Femal flowers abundance or intensity per inflorescence-Estimation Observe the femal flowering intensity or abudance per inflorences and rate Root knot nematode incidence Root knot nematode damage incidence Tuber RKNInc Root knot incidence caused by Meloidogyne spp. Smoothness scale 0-10 Whiteness scale 0-100 % Assess the proportion of sprouted tubers at different time interval (once a week) from harvesting up to three months after harvesting and rate the dormancy period in scale Dormancy period -Estimation Growing degree days to maturity-Estimation Compute number of growing degree days required from planting (or 50% emergence) to 50% foliage senescence or maturity. Observe and record fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the tail portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color lower or tail portion- Estimation Record the date fruit set in 50% of plants in a plot 50% fruit set time-Estimation Stbrwd Length Small tuber Average width of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small size tuber width NBTPL number Big tuber Big size tubers per plant Number of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) per plant Record the predominant color of the sprouts (plant) per plot at 20 days after emergence Sprout color - estimation µm Observe the type of inflorescence and score it Inflorescence type-Estimation Time to fruit harvesting Harvesting ime DateFH Time of fruit harvesting Fruit appboiledyam The optical appearance of boiled yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of boiled yam structure Boiled yam Boiled yam appearance appearance Observe and record the fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the head portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color head portion - Estimation 50% emergence time TIMSE 50% sprout emergence time Plant or sprout Time to 50% sprouts (plants) emerge in a plot Twining habit-Estimation Record the tendency of vine to twine or climb Tuber size - Estimation Determination of predominant size of the tuber in the entire family Record the number of germinated seedlings per cross or family Number of germinated seedling-Counting Assess the small or odour the pounded yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the pounded yam to eat Aroma of pounded yam-Estimation Leaf width - computation Measure the width from the widest part of leaf using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average width Number of Leaves - Computation Count the number of leaves on at least five young plants in a plot at 30 days after emergence and record the average 0-9 scale Bulbil initiaition time - Estimation Record date when 50% of plants in a plot begin producing bulbils or aerial tubers Reaction of the total plants per plot to the virus infection, producing yellow mottle, mosaic and leaves deformation Virus incidence Virus incidence VirusInc Plant Tuber flesh yellow index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the yellow index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Seed germinated sdgerm Seeds germinated Number Quanity of sown true (botanical) seeds germinated per cross or family Bitterness after taste 0-100 NIRS model prediction - computation Prediction of sugar content using NIRS spectra (FOSS 6500) of tuber flour sample Springiness of pounded yam-Estimation Score the distance to which the deformed material can be or degree of stretchabiliy pounded yam in intesity scale Appearance method Visually inspect sample surface G.Arnau Tuber shape quantitative computation Cirad Tuber flesh color The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color Score the severity of dry rot in harvested tubers Tuber dry rot severity - Estimation Compute the average of the period from emergence to first true leaf appearance on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Duration of heterophylly period - Computing content Tuber flour protein content yam flour Tuber flour protein content Hardness scale 0-100 Number of bulbil Aerial tuber Bulbpl Number Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Weight of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) in a net plot or unit area Weight Big tuber Big size tubers weight per plot BTW Tuber beetle incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers with tubers beetle damage from the total number of harvested tubers in the effective plot at harvesting time. Brownness scale 0-100 1-7 scale Time 50% of sprout emergence-Estimation Record date 50% of sprouts in a plot emerged Averaged growth cycle duration expressed in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence (i.e. 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Median senescence computed from inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting. Time at 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5% emergence and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation NPollSpk Inflorescence number Quantity of Female spikes where flowers has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent Pollinated spikes number Compute the proportion of plants with leaf beetle damage from the total number of plants in the effective plots on leaf beetle damange record taken twice(at two and five months after planting date) Leaf beetle incidence - Computation Number Take count of dry rot tubers per plot at harvest Dry rot tuber number-counting Averaged crop cover compactness over two subplots images around time of 50% of maximum ground cover. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 50% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Images choosen as near as possible of date of time at 50% of maximum growth . Compactness computed as the ration between ground cover area (pixels) and its respective convex hull area (pixels). Ratio between subplot ground cover area and its respective convex hull area - Computation BoilYamWhit Boiled root surface Whiteness Both inner and outer colour can range from light yellowish (off-white) to white (pure white) Boiled yam whiteness Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Growth vigor Canopy Crop vigor Petiole length - Computation Measure the length of petiole using measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average length Leaf Width width lfwdt Leaf Width of leaf Plant or sprout PPE Proportion of emerged plants Proportion Proportion of plants /sprouts emerged in a plot 1-4 score Tuber dry matter content - Computation Select at least five random whole tubers from a net plot and cut small slices (1-2 mm) from proximal, middle and distal portion and mixed thoroughly. Record fresh weight and determin dry weight of samples by drying at 70∞C for 72 h in a forced air oven. A proportion between the dry weight and the fresh weight is calculated. Crossing date Plant Date crossing or pollination attempted datcross pollination time Number of harvested fruits per cross after physiological maturity Fruit per cross FrtHvstN Number Fruits harvested number 0-3 scale Compute the proportion or ratio of plants/sprouts emerged as the number of emerged plants/sprouts divided by the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted in a plot multiplied by 100 Emerged sprouts or plants proportion-Computation Presenceof ?ber strands Presence of fiber strands fbrpdym Fibrousness of pounded yam Pounded yam STRATE Plant Proportion of established plants Proportion Proportion of plants in a plot well established (plantsgrowing with good vigour and without severe constraints) Tuber flesh brown index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the brown index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Vein color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf vein on the upper surface rvt Assess the color of leaf on a young plant Leaf color - Estimation Number Fruit per cross Fruit developed number Quantity of developed fruits per crosses Nfrts number of bulbils Record the weight of small size ( < 500 gm) tubers in a net plot Small size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Seedling transplant survival rate Establishment rate of seedlings four weeks after transplanting operation Tsurvrat Survival rate Seedling Hardness scale 0-10 Total tuber yield adjusted tons per hectare Tuber yield Total tuber yield adjusted TTYA Tuber flesh cross section color uniformity-estimation Record the uniformity of tuber flesh cross-section color using visual scale at fresh cut during harvest Number Number of branches above ground Branch number branch Branch Sprout SprtCol color Sprout color Color of the sprout (vine and leaves). Compute the number of small size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of small size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Small size tubers per plant-Computation 1-5 scale Record date the first seed germination observed per cross or family Time of first seed germination-Estimation Big tuber AWBT Average weigth of big size tuber Average weight of big size tubers in kg Weight Architecture Canopy Crop folliage compactness Crop cover compactness Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing mature fruits Fruit index Observe the appearance of roots, thones and srout buds on surface of harvested tubers and make visual score using scale Tuber surface appearance - Estimation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of all categroy/size tubers taken in a plot to the number of harvested plant in a net plot Total tuber fresh weight per plant-computation Foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required from sprout emergence or planting to when all plants had fully senesced colored spot Presence of spot on spine base SPBCOL Spine Presence of colored spots at the spine base of sprouted shoots (vine) with spines Tuber flesh texture-Estimation Record the texture of tuber flesh using scale number Number of internodes to first branching Number of internodes to first branchs on a plant Stem internode NINFB Plant Vine cutting establishment rate establishment rate Proportion of vine cuttings established well that producing shoots Vestrat Compute the proportion of virus symptomatic individuals or their parts or commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Take virus incidence recording thrice: First inspection at 8 to 10 weeks after planting and second inspection after 4 to 6 weeks after first inspection for virus symptoms and the third and final inspection 4 to 6 weeks after the second inspection . Viruses infection incidence - Computation Record the corm type as regular, transversally elongated or brached using scale Corm type-Estimation Total tuber yield adjusted-computation Computed as total tubers weight per plant multiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 color Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in longitudinal section Tuber flesh uniformity Tuber flesh Measure the width of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of small size tubers-Computation Measure the length or height of stem or vine of at least five mature plants in a plot using measuring tape at five to six months after sprout emergence and record the average Stem height - computation Number NSTPL Small tuber Number of small size tubers ( <0.5kg) per plant Small size tubers per plant Germination rate - Computation Compute the proportion of sown true or botanical seed which germinate and produce seedling ready for transplant , usually observed at three weeks after sowing. Record leaf apex shape of mature plants in a plot Leaf apex shape-Estimation TIMFSE Plant or sprout First sprout emergence time First emergence time Time to the first sprout (plant) emerge in a plot Hairiness of sprout - Estimation Record existance of hairs on a sprout (vine) Mealybug tuber severity estimation on infested tubers at time harvesting Mealybug tuber severity - Estimation Assess the fruit number as fruiting intensity in categorical scale when more than 50% of the plants set fruits Fruit set number - Estimation Inflorescence initiation time TIMinflor Time of first inflorescence initiation Plant Inflorescence initiation time Seed germination rate germRate Seed germination rate A proportion of sown true (botanical) seed which germinate and produce seedling Computation of the necessary time before 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to 5% emergence Plant Vigor - Estimation Visual assessment of the plant vigour in a plot at two month after planting Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by yam anthracnose disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected.It is visual score in scale under screenhouse, artificial inoculation or under field natural infestation. For artificial inoculation use a suspension of three most virulent strains of Colletothrichum gloeosporioides and inoculate the plants raised from vine cutting in vertical sack or other means by spraying. For natural infestation, scores can be taken 10 to 12 weeks after planting and second scoring about 4-6 weeks before harvesting . Artificial inoculation should be scored at 3 days after inoculation(DAI) , and repeated at 7DAI, 11DAI and 15DAI Anthracnose severity - Estimation Presence of cataphylle Observe the presence or absence of cataphylle Yield of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Bulbyld Bulbil yield Yield Aerial tuber End of flowering time - Computation Computing the number of days required from 50% of sprout emergence to when plant does not produce more new flowers. Computation of inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to median emergence Internode length -computation Measure the internode length of five plants before senescence at 1 meter height and record the average Crumbness scale 0-100 Length of time toward crop maturity Time to maturity Maturity time Mat Plant Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dryrot Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot incidence gm/sett Measure the width of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg )from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of medium size tubers-Computation Average tuber weight -computation Calculated as total tuber weight per plot divided by total number of tubers per plot Record the date crossing made in particular flower of a plant. Date crossing-Estimation TubDorm Tuber Tuber dormancy period Dormancy period Tuber dormancy period Compute the number of medium size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of medium size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Medium size tubers per plant-computation Score taste of pounded yam using sensory test panalist Taste of pounded yam - Estimation Count the number of branches above ground on at least five mature plants in a plot and record the average Number of branchs - computation m Stickness scale 0-100 Presence of bulbil - Estimation Record the presence and absence of bulbils (aerial tubers) in the vines of yam plant Stickness scale 0-10 Incidence of mealybug tuber infestation. Tuber Mealybug tuber infestation incidence MbugInc Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Compute the number of big size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of big size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Big size tubers per plant-computation Position of root appearance on tubers-Estimation Record position of appearance of roots at surface to tubers Plant or sprout Number of an emerged plants (sprouts) in a plot NEP Number Number of emerged plants Compute the proportion dry rot tubers from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot Tuber dry rot incidence - Computation Fibrousness scale 0-100 Mean duration between fisrt emergence and first true leaf apprearance on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Duration from emergence to first true leaf Heterophylly duration Plant Fruit set number - Computation Compute the fruit set number as proportion of pollinated flowers developing or setting a fruit and expressed in % Record the presence or absence of thorns or spines on the tuber skin in visual scale Tuber thorniness - Estimation Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required for 50% of the plants in a plot showing foliage senescence Compute the number of days required from fruit set to fruit phyisological maturity Fruit maturity time - Computation Subplot maximum ground cover from weekly image analysis - Computation Averaged maximum ground cover over two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Maximum ground cover computed from ground cover dynamic modeled using time to event Beta Growth model. Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when pouned yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture of pounded yam-Estimation 1-9 scale Granuliness 0-100 Corm separation from tuber-Estimation Record the corm ability to be separated from tuber in a binary scale bulbil/plant Internode length length Stem internode Intndlngth Internode length Plant harvested number - Counting Counting the number of plants where tubers were harvested in a plot Weight of planted tubers Weight of seed tubers (whole seed yams or setts ) planted in a plot or per unit area. Planting material from a tuber is called sett. Seed tuber could be either small, healthy whole tuber or large tubers cut into pieces (sett) Weight Seed tuber WTP number of florets Color difference bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing less than 500 gm harvested per effective plot Small size tubers harvested per plot number - counting Big size yam yield no adjusted- Computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per plot divided by size of effective harvest plot mutiplied by 10 number of fruit Duration from median emergence to 5% senescence of subplot - Computation Averaged senescence earliness expressed in days from median emergence to 5% senescence (i.e. 95% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. plant per plot ThornInt Tuber thorniness intensity Tuber Intensity of thorns on the tuber surface Thorn or spine intesity Compute the ∆E2000 between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Mean color difference between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Big size tubers harvested number - counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ?1 kg harvested per effective plot Foliage senescence time - Estimation Record the date when all plants in a plot shows a sign of 100% foliage senescence Bulbil yield (Plot weight) - Measurement Record the fresh weight of harvested bulbil or aerial tuber per net plot Cracks on the tuber surface-Estimation Record appearance of cracks on tuber surface as absent, few and many Optical color or pigmentation of pounded yam color colpoundedyam Pounded yam color Pounded yam Seeds set - Comp Take count of the number of seeds set on each fruits and record the average seeds per fruit 0-1 scale Record the degree of thorns or spines on tuber surface in visual scale Tuber thorniness intensity-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of pouned yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Appearance of pounded yam-Estimation Microscopy (10x) image analysis of iodin colored yam tuber flour (0.5mm) Microscopy image analysis Averaged senescence period duration expressed in days between 5 and 95% senescence (i.e. 95% and 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% and 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5 and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Number of plant Compute the white index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh white index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Tuber flour sugar content Tuber flour sugar content yam flour content Record weight of rotten and/or diseased tubers harvested in a net plot Rotten tuber fresh weight per plot - Measurement Count the number of rotten and/or diseased tubers in effective plot Rotten tubers in a plot number-counting Fruit maturity time - Estimation Record the date 90% of the developed fruits shows sign of physiological maturity (turning brown) Measure the length of internode at 1m height on five (5) plants and record the average Internode length - computation Odour of boiled yam Boiled yam Yam flavor Boiled root Yam odour BoilYamOdor Observe the leaf abundance or mass on a mature plant and rate the density Leaf density - Estimation Nodes carrying cataphylle per plant variable_of