2 intermediate Presence of tuber dry rot estimation in 0&1 IITA A.Amele Cirad D.Cornet Crop vigor computation in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover A.Amele Stem diameter computation in mm IITA stemdim A. Lopez-Montes IITA TBR_Hairy Hairiness of tuber estimation 1-3 Time to first leaf emergence computation A.Amele IITA Cirad Senescence period duration computation in days between 5 and 95% senescence D.Cornet IITA A.Amele flcol_uni Uniformity of tuber flesh color estimation binary 0&1 IITA Stbrwidth Small tuber width computation in cm A.Amele IITA Root knot nematode severity estimation in 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes R_kns Absent 0 1 slightly oxidizing IITA Leaf apex shape estimation 1-3 A.Amele 0 Absent Aetbrpl IITA A.Amele Bulbils per plant computation Dayaetbrin IITA A.Amele Times to bulbil initiation computation IITA TUBSIZE A. Lopez-Montes Tuber size estimation 1-3 IITA Mealybug severity estimation in 1-5 M_Bs A. Lopez-Montes FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam hardness scale 0-100 A.Amele IITA Root position estimation 1-4 IITA Leaf width measurement in cm A.Amele 100 Purple Neither like nor dislike 3 IITA Boiled yam taste estimation 1-5 scale Taste_BY A.mele IITA Big tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Btbrwidth 2 slightly sticky Sprout color estimation 1-5 SPCOLO IITA A. Lopez-Montes Small tubers per plant compuatation IITA A.Amele A.Amele IITA Fruit maturity time estimation in yy/mm/dd Not sticky 3 A.Amele IITA Average tuber weight computation in kg Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam hardness scale 0-10 YamHar_Meas_0to10 Cormtype IITA Corm type estimation 1-3 A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes Bulbil yield estimation in t/ha IITA AetbrYld 0 Absent yam anthracnose disease incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes AnthracInc IITA Proportion of emerged plants (sprouts) computation/% A.Amele, A. Lopez-Mentes Ratiosp IITA 5 highly irregular IITA A.Amele Number of branches per plant count Number of internodes to first branching computation/plot A.Amele IITA Young leaf color estimation 1-5 IITA A.Amele Flower initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtFlrin IITA A. Lopez-Montes A. Lopez-Montes Flcolr_middle IITA Tuber flesh color middle portion estimation 1-9 IITA Pollination type estimation 1-4 A.Amele Pollmech IITA MTWPL Weight of big tubers per plant measurement in kg A.Amele Cirad D.Cornet Starch grain size computation Tuber flour sugar content computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Upper surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA Mealybug incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes M_Bi Crop cover compactness computation Cirad D.Cornet IITA A.Amele Flowering time computation in days DF No brown 0 aborted flower. Presence of small or rudimentary inflorescences/flowers that can show an abortion or abscission point at joint of the pedicel 1 A.Amele IITA Spine base color estimation nominal 0&1 A.Amele First leaf emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA 4 sweet A.Amele IITA First inflorescence initiation time computation IITA A.Amele DM Time to 50% foliage senescence computation in days 1 regular 1 Present R_Kni IITA Root knot nematode incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes 2 dislike frtform IITA A.Amele Fruit setting estimation 0&1 76-100% tuber skin showing symptoms 4 IITA Stickiness estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes Con_Stick_PY IITA A.Amele Spines on sprout presence estimation nominal 0&1 Spines on stem estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Medium tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA 3 Low (flowering is scare with the presence of few flowers mostly less than 10 inflorescences per plant) Times to fruit maturity computation in days IITA A.Amele DFM IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber surface texture estimation 1-2 IITA A. Lopez-Montes DAYHS Foliage senescence time computation in days 1 dislikeextremely IITA A.Amele Secondary sprouting estimation nominal 0&1 SECSP 100 Brown IITA A.Amele 50% sprout emergence time computation in days DyFemer 2 Many Tuber color uniformity computation Cirad D.Cornet FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam stickness scale 0-100 3 Yellow Cohesiveness estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele IITA A.Amele Emerged plants counting/plot Total tubers per plot computation A.Amele IITA Moderate (producing some flowers mostly 10-29 inflorescences per plant) 5 Yellow 7 26-50% tuber skin showing symptoms 2 Boiled yam bitter after taste 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi IITA A.Amele Leaf length measurement in cm 3 Low 100 Granular Mtbrwidth Medium tuber width computation in cm IITA A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes FLRI Flowering intensity estimation 0-9 IITA Leaf shape estimation 1-7 IITA A.Amele 9 orange 3 Neutral IITA GR Seed germination rate percentage A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh texture estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele TUBSHA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber shape estimation 1-4 IITA IITA Flesh oxidation color estimation 1-4 A.Amele Tuber surface crack estimation 0-3 A.Amele IITA IITA A.Amele Big tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha 2 Hairy (few scattered or many roots in the surface of the tuber) Boiled yam brownness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi 0 Not streachable Monoecious female(f>m) 4 A.mele Pounded yam appearance estimation 1-3 scale IITA Appearance_PY IITA Polldate Crossing date esimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele 3 slighty irregular Dorm IITA Tuber dormancy period estimation A. Lopez-Montes 1 dislikeextremely Small size tuber length computation in cm IITA A.Amele Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh color gradient computation A.Amele IITA Crazy roots presence estimation 0&1 Scale insect infestation estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele IITA Stem height measurement in m A.Amele Plant type estimation 1-3 GH IITA A.Amele virus severity estimation in 1-5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes VRSS NRDT IITA A.Amele Rotten tubers per plot counting number FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam odour scale 0-100 First inflorescence initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Very stretchable 10 Weight of small tubers per plot measurement in kg Stbrwt IITA A.Amele 100 Sticky Very hard 10 IITA A.Amele Seeds germinated counting IITA A. Lopez-Montes Big tuber yield computation in t/ha A.Amele INODL Internode length computation in cm IITA Big tuber average weight computation in kg IITA A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes fruit set number percentage IITA IITA Tbets Tuber beetle severity estimation in 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes Number of dry rot tubers count A.Amele IITA A.Amele Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation estimation 0-3 IITA IITA A.Amele Seeds sown/family counting IITA A.Amele Foliage senescence time estimation in yy/mm/dd DateHS Tuber oxidation estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele Oxid Sweet 100 Rough 1 IITA A. Lopez-Montes S_Bri Tuber dry rot incidence computation in % DAFGR IITA Seeds germination start time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele A.Amele TubYld IITA Total tuber yield computation in t/ha like 4 Fruit set number estimation 1-3 IITA FRTINT A. Lopez-Montes oxidizes less than a minure 1 female flower 2 Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh color computation Botseed IITA A.Amele True seeds harvested/cross counting Boiled yam texture estimation 1-5 scale Txt_BY A.mele IITA Corm size estimation 1-3 Cormsize IITA A.Amele very sweet 5 IITA Vine cutting establishment rate percentage A.Amele MatC IITA A.Amele Senescence class estimation 1-9 0 No Irregular 4 IITA A.Amele Leaf density estimation 1-7 IITA A.Amele Mature leaf color estimation 1-5 Boiled yam black spots presence scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Off-white 2 1 dislikeextremely IITA A.Amele Total tubers per plant computation A. Lopez-Montes IITA Btl_S Leaf beetle damage severity estimation in 1-5 Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation computation D.Cornet Cirad IITA Boiled yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Aroma_BY A.mele 1 Spherical Pounded yam colour scale 1-9 YamCol_Meas_1to9 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria sder IITA Seedling establishment rate percentage A. Lopez-Montes Txt_PY IITA A.mele Pounded yam texture estimation 1-3 scale Aetbrp A. Lopez-Montes IITA Bulbils per plot count FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam bitterness 0-100 Laurent Adinsi attribute Purplish green 4 entity IITA A.Amele TWNH Twining habit estimation 0-1 Cream 5 Absent 0 Fruit harvest time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Total tuber weight per plot computation in kg A.Amele IITA Corm estimation binary 0&1 IITA A.Amele IITA PLNV A. Lopez-Montes Plant vigor estimation 1-3 Stem hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele IITA Aetbrshap A.Amele Shape of bulbil estimation 1-4 Field establishment rate compuation in % Estbp-ratio IITA A.Amele Aroma_PY A.mele IITA pounded yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Grey 3 IITA Stem color estimatiion 1-5 A.Amele Boiled yam appearance estimation 1-5 scale Appearance_BY A.mele IITA D.Cornet Cirad Number of nodes carrying cataphylles before first true leaf counting/plant 100 Present Cirad D.Cornet Growth cycle length computation in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence First sprout emergence time computation in days IITA A.Amele Emerday End of seeds germination time estiamtion in yy/mm/dd IITA DAEGR A.Amele D.Cornet Tuber flesh whiteness computation Cirad A. Lopez-Montes Dayflrin Fower initiation time computation in days IITA D.Cornet Earliness of emergence computation in number of days from planting to 50% sprouts emergence Cirad like extremely 5 Bulbil initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Aetbrin A. Lopez-Montes IITA Fruits harvested per cross counting A. Lopez-Montes Matfrt IITA A.Amele Weight medium tubers per plot measurement in kg Mtbrwt IITA A.Amele Sprout hairiness estimation nominal 0&2 Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam granuleness 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin End of flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd A. Lopez-Montes DtendFlr IITA Big lumps 0 0 No purple cormsep IITA A.Amele Separability of corm estimation binary 0&1 IITA Bulbil yield per plant measurement in kg A.Amele AetbrwtPl A. Amele IITA Twining direction estimation 1-2 100 High IITA A.Amele Petiole length measurement in cm Pounded yam stretchability scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamStr_Meas_0to10 IITA No_stdh Plant stand harvested count A. Lopez-Montes Fruit index computation 0 to 1 IITA A.Amele FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam purpleness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi A. Lopez-Montes Thorn Tuber thorniness estimation 0&1 IITA 2 Pale green Tuber thorniness intensity estimation 0-7 IITA A.Amele DtFFlr IITA A.Amele Flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Weight of small tuber per plant computation kgplant 100 Bitter 10 Mouldable Neither like nor dislike 3 1 Few A.Amele flrsex Plant sex estimation 0-4 IITA plntsex Fruit setting time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele IITA A.Amele First sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd Emerdt Absent 0 IITA pounded yam color estimation 1-5 scale A.mele Color_PY Medium stretchability 5 Big tuber length computation in cm A.Amele IITA YamMoul_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam mouldability scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Tuber flour starch content computation Cirad D.Cornet Male flower 1 Senescence earliness computation in days from median emergence to 5% senescence D.Cornet Cirad Late (75% of the plants in a plot with still green foliage but few plants (upto 25% plants in a plot) showing up to 25% of leaves senescence 3 Tuber flesh yellowness computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Fruit development status estimation 1-2 Virus incidence computation % IITA VRSI A. Lopez-Montes IITA Seeds set/fruit computation A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Internode length measurement in cm Average tuber width computation in cm IITA A.Amele tbrwidth No visible symptoms of anthracnose disease or infection spot on the leaf surface 1 Flcolr_head A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color upper portion estimation 1-9 IITA IITA A. Lopez-Montes Weight of planted tubers computation/ gm SETW A. Lopez-Montes Appearance of tuber surface estimation 1-4 IITA 3 Thorny (small prominences ending in a small thorn) FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam sweetness 0-100 moderately attractive 2 3 Neither like nor dislike 3 Monoecious male (m>f) Latency period duration computation in number of days from planting to 5% sprouts emergence Cirad D.Cornet IITA A.Amele Tbrflcolr Tuber flesh color measurement Springness estimation 1-2 Strepdym IITA A.Amele IITA Tuber dry rot severity estimation 0-4 A. Lopez-Montes S_Brs 8 deep purple 1 not attractive A.Amele Small tubers per plot counting number IITA IITA A. Lopez-Montes Stems per plant computation per plant stnp IITA Seedling survival rate percentage A.Amele 0 Easy to cut A.Amele IITA Number of leaves per plant count IITA Color_BY A.mele Boiled yam color estimation 1-5 scale yam starch breakdown RVT IITA A.Amele Not granular 0 50% sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtFemer A.Amele IITA DATS IITA A.Amele Time to 50% foliage senescence estimation in yy/mm/dd Con_Taste_PY IITA Taste estimation 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam chewingness scale 0-100 NPOLS IITA Pollinated spikes counting A. Lopez-Montes IITA Lower surface vein color estimation 1-4 A.Amele Absence of lumps 10 IITA A.Amele Tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha A.Amele Big tubers per plot counting number IITA A.Amele Leaf position estiamtion 1-3 IITA Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamStic_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam stickness scale 0-10 strong or hard or lumpy 1 IITA End of flowering time computation in days Dayendflr A. Lopez-Montes Medium mouldability 5 Total tuber weight per plant computation in kg IITA A.Amele YamSmot_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam smoothness scale 0-10 Boiled yam whiteness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi IITA Established plants counting/plot A.Amele Estbp-N 7 Profuse (plant producing many more flowers mostly 30 to 50 inflorescences per plant) Inflorescence type estimation IITA A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Weight of rotten/diseased tubers per plot measurement in kg Rot_Wt Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam fibrousness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Cirad D.Cornet Emergence vigor computation in number of days between 5% and 95% sprouts emergence No fibers 0 Non sticky 0 3 very attractive A. Lopez-Montes AeTuber Bulbil presence estimation 0&1 IITA 1 Yellowish Weight of big tubers per plot measurement in kg Btbrwt IITA A.Amele Boiled yam crumbness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi 0 Very soft Tuber flesh color lower portion estimation 1-9 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Flcolr_tail IITA A.Amele Seed index computation 0 to 1 IITA Fruits developed per cross counting FrtN A. Lopez-Montes Dry matter content percentage IITA A. Lopez-Montes TDMC SPRTL Sprout length measurement in cm IITA A.Amele 3 Cylindrical 5 Purple IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tbeti Tuber beetle incidence computation % White 1 4 Symptom on >51% of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue and covering a signifcant proprotion of the leaf surface. Areas with less than 1 cm width are coalescing to bigger spots also. Yellowing of green tissue is intense around the spots areas. 8 Light brown 4 Purple like 4 Canopy architecture estimation 1-4 IITA Canopy A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Medium size tuber length computation in cm oxidizes between 1 and 2 minure after cutting 2 A.Amele Fiber estimation 1-2 IITA like extremely 5 Anthracnose symptoms covering ~26 t0 ~50% of the plant. One or two spots of more than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface. Small dark and no dried spots with more than 1 cm width, are present 3 Very Late (all the plants in a plot still show green foliage (green leaf and vine) 1 Lower surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Medium tubers per plant computation A.Amele IITA 2 Slightly bitter IITA A.Amele Smoothness estimation 1-3 very early (The plants are completely senescent, yellowing is complete and uniform (both leaves and vines 100% senescence) 9 Few anthracnose spots or sysmptoms on 1 t0 ~25% of the plant. One or two spots of less than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface 2 1 White IITA AnthracSev A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease severity estimation in 1-5 Non flowering 0 0 No symptoms D.Cornet Maximum ground cover computation in % Cirad 3 highly oxidizing IITA Maturity time estimation GGD A.Amele Big tubers per plant computation IITA A.Amele Average tuber length measurement in cm IITA A.Amele TBRL Tuber flesh brownness computation D.Cornet Cirad 1 Yes Duration of heterophyllic period computation in days after planting Cirad D.Cornet 0 no thorns or spines on tuber surface IITA Pollinated florets counting A. Lopez-Montes 1-25% tuber skin showing symptoms 1 few thorns or spines on tuber surface 3 D.Cornet Heterophylly presence estimation nominal 0&1 Cirad Oval 2 Crumby 100 Difficult to cut 100 Yam ontology A.Amele IITA Weight of medium tubers per plant computation kgplt Upper surface vein color estimation 1-4 A.Amele IITA 0 Not sticky Long (More than 50% of the tubers sprouted at three month after harvesting time) 4 4 like IITA Sett-N Tubers planted counting/plot A.Amele Rough 2 dislike 2 fflrab IITA A.Amele Female flowering intensity per spike estimation 1-4 6 Light yellow Leaf beetle damage incidence computation % Btl_I IITA A. Lopez-Montes Fully smooth 4 7 brownish white oxidizes more than 3 minutes 3 A.Amele IITA Vine cuttings planted count 7 early (The plants have senescent foliage (75% of the plants in a plot with 50% leaves showing sign of yellowing but the vines still green) sticky 1 very bitter 1 D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flour protein content computation Aetubwtp IITA A.Amele Bulbil weight per plot measurement in kg 100 Fibers 0 Abesnt Difficult 0 Severe necrosis and death of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue more than 1.5 cm of diameter and covering a great proprotion of the leaf surface. Yellowing of the gree tissue is generalised in the leaf blade. 5 7 Many thorns or spines on tuber surface 3 51-75% tuber skin showing symptoms creamy 6 1 Smooth 1 presence 9 Brown 0 absence 2 Creamy white 5 Intermediate 100 Pure white 0 Low soft or smooth 3 5 like extremely Not crumby 0 10 Very sticky 2 dislike Medium (50% of the plants are still green or on the onset of senescence. Only 50% plants in a plot with 25% of the leaves showing senescence or slight yellowing 5 100 Easy 0 Off white like 4 3 Dark green Present 100 9 Extremely pofuse (plant producing with abundant flowring mostly more than 50 inflorescences per plant) like extremely 5 5 Purplish white 5 Medium stickiness 0 No flower or bud. No inflorescence and not flowering at all 4 Light grey 7 High acronym 0 Not mooldable no oxidization 0 Seedling tranplant survival rate-computation Compute the proportion of seedlings survived or established well after transplant operation Ease of chewing Boiled yam easiness to chew Boiled root Property related to the number of chews necessary to swallow the product BoilYamMthChew Plntype Plant growth habit Plant type A tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread Big yam tuber average weight-computation Calculated as weight of big size tubers per plot divided by total number of big size tubers per plot Observe the arrangement of leaves on stem or vine and rate it Leaf position - Estimation % 0-1 binary scale Crop vigor Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Growth vigor Canopy Setts or seed yams planted weight - Computation Measure the weight of N planted tubers (seed yams or setts) and record the average Abundance or degree of flowering flowering intensity Flrint Flowering intensity Plant Internode length - computation Measure the length of internode at 1m height on five (5) plants and record the average Measure the internode length of five plants before senescence at 1 meter height and record the average Internode length -computation method_of Scoring the most frequent flower sex type when more than 50% of the plants are flowered Plant or flower sex-Estimation Plant Vigor Plant vigor PVigor The vigour of the vine and leaves of the new plant. Medium tuber Medium size tubers weight per plot Weight MTW Weight of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) in a net plot or unit area Length Medium size tuber width Mtbrwd Average width of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Medium tuber content Tuber flour sugar content yam flour Tuber flour sugar content Fruits/cross Nlfyp Number Leaf Number of leaves The number of leaves on a plant Taste of boiled yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Boiled yam taste Tastebldyam taste Boiled yam Appearance Tbrappr Tuber surface look in relation to presence or absence of roots, thorns and sprouted buds on the tuber surface Tuber Tuber appearance Plant Established plants NESP Number of well established plants ( plants growing with good vigour and without severe constraints) in a plot Number Sample is touched with fingers or moulded in the hands Flesh oxidation Oxidation ratio of flesh Tuber flesh Tuber flesh oxidation Texture in the hand stickness method Tuber length-Computation Compute average tuber length of all size tubers measurement taken in a net plot Springiness of pounded yam-Estimation Score the distance to which the deformed material can be or degree of stretchabiliy pounded yam in intesity scale Weight Small tuber Weight of small size yam per plant WSTPL Small size tuber weight per plant tuber number/plant Take count of dry rot tubers per plot at harvest Dry rot tuber number-counting Inft The arrangement of flowers on stem or twig of a plant Inflorescence type type Inflorescence BoilYamPurp Boiled yam purpleness Boiled root surface Purpleness Purple colour tending to pink after cooking Whiteness scale 0-100 Count the emerged plants (sprouts) per plot every week starting from first plant/sprout emergence date till the last plant or spourt emerge in a plot Emerged sprouts -Counting Branch number branch Number Branch Number of branches above ground Inflorescence initiation time Inflorescence initiation time Plant Time of first inflorescence initiation TIMinflor Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of pouned yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Appearance of pounded yam-Estimation Averaged growth cycle duration expressed in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence (i.e. 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Median senescence computed from inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting. Time at 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5% emergence and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Date (yyyymmdd) Color of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the optical color or pigementation of pounded yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat During chewing, bitter taste after swallowing, eg there is a light bitter aftertaste Bitterness after taste Boiled yam bitter after taste BoilYamBitteraft Boiled root 0-1 scale Twining direction-Estimation Record the twining or climbing direction of the vine Averaged crop vigor expressed in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover in subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 80% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover of subplot - Computation Number of stems per plant-computation Compute average of the number of stems (vines) per established plants in a plot taste TastePndedYam Taste of pounded yam Taste of pounded yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Pounded yam Virus severity Plant Virus severity VirusSev Grade of reaction of the plant to the viruses infection, varying from mottle, mosaics until total leaves deformation Compute the proportion dry rot tubers from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot Tuber dry rot incidence - Computation Sweetness 0-100 Computing the number of days required from first sprout emergence to first flower initiation Flower initaition time - Computation Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers per plant TTWPL weight Tuber Total tuber weight per plant Big size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of big size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of big size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants 0-3 scale Tuber thorniness intensity-Estimation Record the degree of thorns or spines on tuber surface in visual scale Seeds germinated sdgerm Seed germinated Quanity of sown true (botanical) seeds germinated per cross or family Number Vein color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf vein on the upper surface 1-4 scale kg/plot Senescence time Foliage senescence time Datfsen Plant Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Browness of the Tuber flesh colour color The surface browness of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh Field establishment-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of well-established plants in a plot from the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted Yam odour scale 0-100 Compute number of days required from sprout emergence to 50% of plants in a plot start forming bulbils or aerial tubers Bulbil initiation time - Computation Boiled root surface Boiled yam surface black points presence BoilYamBlackspo Black points presence Refers to the presence of small black points on the surface of product texture The physical attributes of pounded yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands txtpoundedyam Pounded yam Pounded yam texture Plant Crossing date pollination time Date crossing or pollination attempted datcross Tuber flesh Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh browning BoilYamHdCrum Property of the product to crumble or break between the fingers Boiled root Crumbness in hand Boiled yam crumbness Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing seeds Seed index Color of boiled yam-Estimation Observe the optical color or pigementation of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Root knot nematode severity - Estimation Root knot nematode severity estimation in a range from no symptoms to highly severe galling scored in secondary roots of the plant and tubers adventitious roots. SecSP Secondary sprouting Emergence of secondary sprouts on a plant Secondary sprouting Sprout hairiness Tuber RTBS Tuber hairiness Presence of secondary roots on the tuber bark Tuber flour starch content content Tuber flour starch content yam flour Variation in leaf mass of the plant Lfden density Leaf Leaf density Leaf color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf on a young plant Compute the number of days required from first sprout emergence to the first leaf to emerge on a sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Times to the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Computation Measure the length of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of small size tubers-Computation number of leaf Senescence time TIMfsen Foliage senescence time Plant Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Foliage senescence or maturity class Plant Senescence Maturity class SE Maximum ground cover Canopy Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Leaf hairiness Hairiness of leaf surface hairiness llfhair Leaf Shape Aerial tuber Predominant shape of the bulbils Bulbil shape Bulbsp Time of first seed germination-Estimation Record date the first seed germination observed per cross or family Stems per plant Stem Number of stems (vines) with leaves and branches per plant Nstem number Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of all categroy/size tubers taken in a plot to the number of harvested plant in a net plot Total tuber fresh weight per plant-computation Canopy architecture Organisation or structural arrangements of branchs and leaves distribution giving a specific shape to the above ground part of the plant Canarc Canopy architecture Number Seeds sown Seed sown Sdsown Quantity of botanical or true seeds sown per family or cross Compute the weight to harvested bulbils per plant Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per plant-computation Type cortyp Corm type Corm type Corm Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Color difference bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Tuber number/plot Record weight of rotten and/or diseased tubers harvested in a net plot Rotten tuber fresh weight per plot - Measurement Sprout length length Spleng Sprout Length of sprouted shoots (vines) Compute the number of days required from fruit set to fruit phyisological maturity Fruit maturity time - Computation Seed tuber Weight Weight of planted tubers WTP Weight of seed tubers (whole seed yams or setts ) planted in a plot or per unit area. Planting material from a tuber is called sett. Seed tuber could be either small, healthy whole tuber or large tubers cut into pieces (sett) Record shape of bulbils or aerial tubers in scale Bulbil shape-Estimation Elapsed time between planting date and date of 50% emergence sprouts in a plot Earliness of emergence Sprout Period duration from planting to 50% sprout emergence 1-2 scale twining direction Vine Twining direction twndir Twining direction Pounded yam Mouldability/cohesiveness Ability of the pounded yam to stick together easily without disintegrating or cohesive and being easy to mould. YamHdMoul Pounded yam mouldability/cohesiveness Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Appearance of boiled yam-Estimation Tuber flesh color reading -measurement Measure the flesh surface color of tuber (head, middle and tail portion) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using colorimeter (a color spectrophotometer) or standard color chart. Shape of tuber - computation Measure the length and width of tuber using measuring tape and record the length /with ratio Colour scale 1-9 m kg Yam anthracnose disease severity Anthracnose severity caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. The reaction of plants in a plot to anthracnose infestation (blight or leaf spot) under screenhouse or in the field under natural infestation or artificial inoculation Anthracnose severity Plant YADS Pounded yam Distance to which the deformed material can be sretchable sprgpdym Springiness of pounded yam Springiness Tubtlsev Severity of tuber beetle damage. Tuber Tuber beetle severity Tuber beetle severity 50% flowering time - Computation Compute the number of days required from 50% of sprouts in plot emerged to 50% of plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Number Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Aerial tuber Bulbpl Number of bulbil Leaf apex shape Leaf apex Leaf apex shape shape Lfapx arompoundedyam The sense of smell or odor of pounded yam that reaches the nose before eating or the pounded yam reaches the mouth Pouned yam aroma Pounded yam aroma Determination of predominant size of the tuber in the entire family Tuber size - Estimation Bitterness 0-100 Exsistence of thorns on the tuber surface Thorn Tuber Thorniness Tuber thorniness Compute the number of days required for 50% of the plants in a plot showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Computation Total tubers per plant Number of tubers harvested per plant TNTPL Number Tuber Averaged crop cover compactness over two subplots images around time of 50% of maximum ground cover. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 50% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Images choosen as near as possible of date of time at 50% of maximum growth . Compactness computed as the ration between ground cover area (pixels) and its respective convex hull area (pixels). Ratio between subplot ground cover area and its respective convex hull area - Computation Mealybug tuber severity estimation on infested tubers at time harvesting Mealybug tuber severity - Estimation Number Nfrts Fruit per cross Fruit developed number Quantity of developed fruits per crosses Dry rot incidence Dryrot Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Tuber germend Time last seed germination occurred Seed Seeds germination end time germination ending time Fibrousness scale 0-100 Time when 50% of the plants flower in a plot Time to 50% flowering Plant TIMFL 50% flowering time Period duration from first to last sprouts emergence Sprout Emergence vigor Elapsed time between time of 5th and 95th percentiles emergence sprouts in a plot uniteless Pollinated spike number - Estimation Count the number of pollinated spikes per female parent per cross Bulbyld Yield Aerial tuber Yield of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Bulbil yield Brownness scale 0-100 Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per hectar- Computation Computed the yield of bulbil per hectare using the formula. G.Arnau Cirad Flesh oxidation quantitative computation Texture in the hand stretchabilitymethod The pounded yam is touched and pulled apart with the fingers TIMSE Time to 50% sprouts (plants) emerge in a plot 50% sprout emergence time Plant or sprout 50% emergence time Medium size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of medium size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of medium size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Boiled yam aroma arombldyam aroma Boiled yam The sense of smell or odor of boiled yam that reaches the nose before eating or the boiled yam reaches the mouth Stickness scale 0-10 Visual assessment of the plant vigour in a plot at two month after planting Plant Vigor - Estimation Canopy Senescence duration Time between 5 and 95% senescence Senescence duration Number of germinated seedling-Counting Record the number of germinated seedlings per cross or family Leaf apex shape-Estimation Record leaf apex shape of mature plants in a plot Assess the fruit number as fruiting intensity in categorical scale when more than 50% of the plants set fruits Fruit set number - Estimation Texture of boiled yam-Estimation Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when boiled yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand GDD°C Vine cuttings planted -counting Count the numeber vine cuttings planted Record date the last seed germination observed per cross or family Date end of seed germination-Estimation Record date when plant/s having the first inflorescence in a plot First inflorescence time - Estimation TIMFrtM Times 90% of fruits attain physiological maturity Fruit Time to fruit maturity Maturity time Number of bulbil - Computation Count number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils on plants in a net plot and compute the average number bulbils per plant Floret pollinated number - Counting Count the number of pollinated florets per female parent per cross Crazy roots presence Crazy roots CRZROOT presence Appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface Compute the average sprout length of five representative plants measurement taken in a plot Sprout length-computation Length Btbrwd Big tuber Average width of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Big size tuber width Observe the presence or absence of cataphylle Presence of cataphylle Big tuber Big size tubers per plot NBTP Number Number of big size tubers that weighing ?1 kg in a net plot or unit area Record the method used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same or different plant of the same species Pollination type-Estimation Record the smoothness or roughness of tuber skin in visual scale Tuber surface texture - Estimation Compute the number of days required from sprout emergence or planting to when all plants had fully senesced Foliage senescence time - Computation Tuber dry matter content - Computation Select at least five random whole tubers from a net plot and cut small slices (1-2 mm) from proximal, middle and distal portion and mixed thoroughly. Record fresh weight and determin dry weight of samples by drying at 70∞C for 72 h in a forced air oven. A proportion between the dry weight and the fresh weight is calculated. Tuber beetle incidence Tuber beetle incidence Tubtlinc Tuber Incidence of tuber beetle damage. 0-2 scale Tuber thorniness - Estimation Record the presence or absence of thorns or spines on the tuber skin in visual scale Pounded yam YamHdStr Ability of pounded yam to stretch when pulled apart with fingers Stretchability Pounded yam stretchability Intensity or abudance of female flowers on spikes/infloresences fflrint Female flowering intensity abondance Flower Boiled yam appearance appboiledyam appearance Boiled yam The optical appearance of boiled yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of boiled yam structure Stem diameter-computation Measure the stem diameter at 15 cm above the base of five plants before senescence in a plot and record the average Record the weight of big size ( ?1 kg) tubers in a net plot Big size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement 1-3 general scale number of seed Tuber flesh color middle portion - Estimation Observe and record the fresh cut flesh surface color at the middle part of the tuber at harvesting time. Stickiness of pounded yam - Estimation Score the sticknes or adhesiveness of pounded yam to consumern fingur using sensory test panelist TTYNA yield Total tuber yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Tuber Total tuber yield Time to the first sprout (plant) emerge in a plot Plant or sprout First emergence time First sprout emergence time TIMFSE number of bulbils Percentage Stem hairiness stmhair Stem hairiness Hairiness of stem tons/ha Averaged senescence period duration expressed in days between 5 and 95% senescence (i.e. 95% and 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% and 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5 and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Tuber beetle severity or intensity estimated usually as number of nymph present in tubers at harvesting time. Tuber beetle severity - Estimation Mealybug tuber incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers infested with mealybugs from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot at time of harvesting. SPNAB Spine density Spines on stem density Intensity of spines on stem (vine) above base of mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Bitterness after taste 0-100 Score corm status of tubers using a binary scale Corm on tubers-Estimation Take count of the number of seeds set on each fruits and record the average seeds per fruit Seeds set - Comp Width of small size tubers-Computation Measure the width of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average 0-9 scale Intndlngth Internode length length Internode length Stem internode µm Texture in the mouth method Put the product between the molars and mash it to assess the number of chews before swallowing weight Weight of medium size tuber yam per plant Medium tuber WMTPL Medium size tuber weight per plant Purpleness scale 0-100 Observe the status of foliage senescence (leaf or vine yellowing) of plants in plot at 6 month onward and rate the maturity status Senescence- Estimation Length Btbrleng Big tuber Average length of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Big size tuber length Number of plants harvested Stand harvested number Haversted plant NPH number Texture in the hand method After breaking or cutting, breaking or crumbling, evaluate the intensity of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Number of internode-computation Compute average number of internodes to first branching of at least five plants internode counts taken in a plot Small size tuber width Length Stbrwd Small tuber Average width of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Pounded yam Presenceof ?ber strands Presence of fiber strands Fibrousness of pounded yam fbrpdym Fruit development status on monoecious and female flower of dioeciouse yam plant status Status of fruit development Fruit FrtDev Number of plant A 1.7 g portion of starch was mixed with 25 g of distilled water in the RVA sample can, after correction for the original moisture contents of the starches Starch breakdown-Estimation Take count of well established plants in a plot usually at two months after planting Number of well established plants -Counting Times to 50% spout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date 50% of sprouts or plants in a plot emerged Number Small size tubers per plot Number of small size tubers that weighing <0.5kg in a net plot or unit area Small tuber NSTP Txf Tuber flesh texture Tuber flesh texture Texture of tuber flesh Time 50% of sprout emergence-Estimation Record date 50% of sprouts in a plot emerged Average length of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Medium size tuber length Medium tuber Length Mtbrleng Weight Weight of small size tubers ( <0.5kg ) in a net plot or unit area Small size tubers weight per plot STW Small tuber 1-5 general scale Corm separation from tuber-Estimation Record the corm ability to be separated from tuber in a binary scale Aerial tuber Bulbil presence Bulbil Presence of bulbil Presence of bulbils or aerial tubers in the nodes of the vines Tuber flesh Tuber flesh color color Tbrfclr The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tuber dormancy period TubDorm Tuber dormancy period Tuber Dormancy period Count the number of tubers (seed yams or setts) planted per plot (unit area) Tubers (seed yams or setts) planted - Counting TWNH Twining habit twining habit Tendency of climbing or trailling Plant Compute the ∆E2000 between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Mean color difference between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values lfwdt Leaf Width Width of leaf Leaf width Compute the average of the number of nodes carrying cataphylles on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Nodes carrying cataphylles - Counting colbldyam Optical color or pigmentation of boiled yam color Boiled yam Boiled yam color Mean starch grain size of yam tuber flour yam flour Starch grain size Size Tuber flesh color Yellowness of the Flesh colour The surface yellowness of the yam tuber flesh Record emergence of new secondary sprouts from the planted seed tuber/sett in a plot at three months after planting Secondary sprouting - estimation 0-4 general scale Leaf beetle damage severity Leaf beetle severity Leaf Severity of leaf beetle damage. Lfbtsev Emerged sprouts or plants proportion-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of plants/sprouts emerged as the number of emerged plants/sprouts divided by the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted in a plot multiplied by 100 Time to first leaf emergence Time to the first leaf emergence on a plant or sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot emergence time TIMLE Leaf cm Cohesiveness of pounded yam Cohesiveness cohpdym Pounded yam Degree to which particles of a sample stick together or how moldable it is Boiled root Boiled yam hardness Hardness of cutting or breaking Force required to cut/break with fork BoilYamHdHard Big size tubers yield nonadjusted tons per hectare yield BTYld Big size yam yield Big tuber Fruits harvested number Number Number of harvested fruits per cross after physiological maturity Fruit per cross FrtHvstN colpoundedyam Pounded yam color Pounded yam color Optical color or pigmentation of pounded yam Record time (date) when the plant does not produce more new flowers in a plot End of flowering time - Estimation Position of root appearance on tubers-Estimation Record position of appearance of roots at surface to tubers Tuber Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh oxidation intensity Intoxd Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Aerial tuber Number Number of bulbil Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Bulbp scale_of Feel the taste of boiled yam in mouth and make sensory score using scale how pleasing to the taste Taste of boiled yam-Estimation Record the date crossing made in particular flower of a plant. Date crossing-Estimation Canopy Time between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Growth cycle length Growth cycle length Survival rate Seedling transplant survival rate Seedling Establishment rate of seedlings four weeks after transplanting operation Tsurvrat Count the number of leaves on at least five young plants in a plot at 30 days after emergence and record the average Number of Leaves - Computation Leaf lflngth Leaf length length Length of leaf Assess hairiness of leaf surface (lower part) Leaf hairiness - Estimation 1-5 scale Small size tubers per plant-Computation Compute the number of small size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of small size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Corm size Corm Size of corm in relation to tuber Size corsz Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in cross-section ( from cortex to center) color Tuber flesh cross-section color uniformity Utfc Tuber cross section Big size tubers weight per plot BTW Weight of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) in a net plot or unit area Big tuber Weight Stem color Stmcol color The surface color of stem Stem NVP Vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted number Plant The breakdown of yam starch extracted from fresh tubers were determined using a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA-TecMaster, Perten Instruments, Australia) Yam starch breakdown starch Tuber starchbrk 1-7 general scale Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing mature fruits Fruit index 1-7 scale Compute the proportion tubers showing root knot nematode symptoms from the total number of harvested tubers in effective plot Root knot nematode incidence - Computation Leaf beetle severity - Estimation Assess the leaf beetle infestation at two and five months after planting and record its severity BoilYamBitt Boiled root Boiled yam bitterness Bitterness Basic bitter taste like small quantity of quinine or caffeine in water number of branch Compute the sum of all category/size tubers (big, medium, small and rotten/diseased) in a net plot Total tuber harvested number-computation True seeds harvested True seed Number of true seed harvested or obained per cross or family Number Tsdh 1-3 scale Proportion of established plants Proportion Plant STRATE Proportion of plants in a plot well established (plantsgrowing with good vigour and without severe constraints) Tuber flesh texture-Estimation Record the texture of tuber flesh using scale Pounded yam smoothness Smoothness Pounded yam Absence of lumps YamHdSmot Boiled yam fibrousness Fibrousness in hand Boiled root Refers to the presence of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye BoilYamHdFibr 1-5 scale rvt Tuber flesh cross section color uniformity-estimation Record the uniformity of tuber flesh cross-section color using visual scale at fresh cut during harvest Plant TIMFlrin Flower initiation time Time of the first flower initiation on a plant/s in a plot or any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Time to flower initiation Record the number of harvested fruits per cross Fruits harvested number - Counting Taste method After swallowing, observe the feeling or sensation of the bitter taste on the tongue and assess its intensity TubDMC Tuber dry matter content Proportion of dry matter in the tuber. Dry matter content Tuber DateFH Time to fruit harvesting Harvesting ime Time of fruit harvesting Fruit Tuber size Tuber size Tuber Size TbrSz Plant Heterophylly presence Presence Presence of cataphylles during early stage Presence or absence of corm on tuber Presence Corm Corm on tuber corm Record the tendency of vine to twine or climb Twining habit-Estimation 1-4 score Measure the width from the widest part of leaf using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average width Leaf width - computation plant per plot Proportion Fruit set number Intensity or proportion of fruit set or development under open or controlled pollination. Fruit set NFrtSet Place of roots on tubers Position of appearance of roots at surface of tubers Tuber Roots position Prtbs Computation of the necessary time before 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to 5% emergence Shape regularity estimation 0-2 Texture in the hand mouldability method G.Arnau Cirad Sample is put in the hands and moulded Root knot severity caused by Meloidogyne spp. RKNSev Root knot nematode severity Root knot nematode severity Tuber Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of medium size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Medium size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Tuber Surface color resulting of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation Tuber flesh oxidation color Oxidation color Foxdc Seedling establishment rate-computation Compute the proportion of seedlings per family (cross) establish well and ready for transplanting, usually recorded at five weeks after sowing. Fruit index is an estimation of pollinated flowers developing physiologically mature fruits fruiting ratio Fruit Fruit index Crumbness scale 0-100 Plant harvested number - Counting Counting the number of plants where tubers were harvested in a plot Petiole length - Computation Measure the length of petiole using measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average length Number Plant or sprout NEP Number of emerged plants Number of an emerged plants (sprouts) in a plot Number of total (all size) tubers in a net plot or unit area Total tubers per plot TNTP Tuber Number The leaf surface color or pigmentation Leaf Leaf color mlfcol color Number of bulbil - Counting Count the number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils produced per net plot. Record existance of hairs on a sprout (vine) Hairiness of sprout - Estimation Compute the average tuber width of all size measurement taken in a net plot Tuber wideth-computation Cohesiveness of pounded yam- Estimation Score the degree to which particles of a pounded yam stick together or how moldable it is using intensity scale Observe the occurance or presence of dry rot caused by nematods (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) on harvested tubers and record the presence and absence Dry rot presence on harvested tubers-Estimation number of florets Quantity of Female spikes where flowers has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent number Pollinated spikes number NPollSpk Inflorescence Stem height - computation Measure the length or height of stem or vine of at least five mature plants in a plot using measuring tape at five to six months after sprout emergence and record the average Scale insect infestation Scale insect infestation on tubers at harvest scale insect infestation Tuber Scalisec color Tuber flesh Tuber flesh uniformity Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in longitudinal section Record the date fruit set in 50% of plants in a plot 50% fruit set time-Estimation Stbrleng Small tuber Average length of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small size tuber length Length Appearance method Visually inspect sample surface Tuber shape quantitative computation G.Arnau Cirad CTBRS Tuber Cracks on tuber surface Tuber cracks Cracks Big size tubers per plant Number of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) per plant Big tuber number NBTPL txtboiledyam texture The physical attributes of boiled yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Boiled yam Boiled yam texture Number of internodes to first branching NINFB Number of internodes to first branchs on a plant Stem internode number Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing less than 500 gm harvested per effective plot Small size tubers harvested per plot number - counting Boiled yam granuleness BoilYamMthGran Refers to the presence of small grains during chewing Boiled root Granuliness in mouth Observe and record the fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the head portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color head portion - Estimation Record time (date) 50% plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence 50% flowering time - Estimation Observe the regularity of tuber shape in visual scale Mouldability scale 0-10 Shape regularity - estimation The surface color of the yam tuber flesh color Tuber flesh Tuber flesh color 0-1 scale Fruit set number - Computation Compute the fruit set number as proportion of pollinated flowers developing or setting a fruit and expressed in % Flower initaition time - Estimation Record time (date) of first flower initiation in a plot or the date any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Stretchability scale 0-10 Flesh oxidation - computation Score the length oxidation (from head) and the length tuber and record the oxidation length / length tuber ratio Weight of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Aerial tuber Bulbil weight Weight Bulbwtp Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Incidence of mealybug tuber infestation. MbugInc Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Tuber 0-2 scale Record the date 90% of the developed fruits shows sign of physiological maturity (turning brown) Fruit maturity time - Estimation Pollination type Polltyp Mode of plant to plant pollen transfer Flower pollination type Score the severity of dry rot in harvested tubers Tuber dry rot severity - Estimation TIMsen Plant Time to 50% foliage senescence Time when 50% of the plants in a plot are showing signs of foliage senescence 50% Senescence time Tuber width Tuber Wideth Tbrwd Average width of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Big size yam yield no adjusted- Computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per plot divided by size of effective harvest plot mutiplied by 10 Property related to the adhesion of the product between the fingers Boiled yam stickness Boiled root Stickness in hand BoilYamHdStick Tuber thorniness intensity Thorn or spine intesity Intensity of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber ThornInt Number Spines on sprout base-estimation Record absence or presence of spines on a sprout (vine) Record leaf shape of mature plants in a plot Leaf shape-Estimation YamHdStic This is when the pounded yam sticks or adhere to the fingers when it is touched with fingers or during moulding into bolus for swallowing. Pounded yam Stickiness Pounded yam stickiness NIRS model prediction - computation Prediction of sugar content using NIRS spectra (FOSS 6500) of tuber flour sample Root knot nematode damage incidence RKNInc Root knot nematode incidence Tuber Root knot incidence caused by Meloidogyne spp. smthpdym Smoothness of pounded yam Smoothness Pounded yam Smoothnessof the material, i.e., absence of lumps Compute the average of the period from emergence to first true leaf appearance on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Duration of heterophylly period - Computing 1-5 scale Small size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Record the weight of small size ( < 500 gm) tubers in a net plot kg/plant Score taste of pounded yam using sensory test panalist Taste of pounded yam - Estimation Record time of the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vine) Time of first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Estimation Corm separation Corm separation from tuber Corm separability from tuber corsep Texture in the hand hardness method Regularity of tuber shape Tuber Shape regularity Tuber shape regularity Sample is pressed with the index finger Measure the width of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using vernier calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of big size tubers-Computation Chewingness scale 0-100 Black spots presence scale 0-100 Record date of first spout emergence in a plot Time first sprout emergence-Estimation Aroma of boiled yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the boiled yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the boiled yam to eat End of flowering time or when a plant does not produce new flower in a plot Time to end of flowering TIMEF end of flowering time Plant Establishment rate of seedlings Establishment rate Seedling Establishment rate Seedling sderat Record the fresh weight of harvested bulbil or aerial tuber per net plot Bulbil yield (Plot weight) - Measurement Observe the type of inflorescence and score it Inflorescence type-Estimation Proportion of emerged plants Proportion PPE Proportion of plants /sprouts emerged in a plot Plant or sprout Total tuber yield adjusted tons per hectare yield Tuber TTYA Total tuber yield adjusted Granuliness 0-100 Assess the proportion of sprouted tubers at different time interval (once a week) from harvesting up to three months after harvesting and rate the dormancy period in scale Dormancy period -Estimation Plant Reaction of the total plants per plot to the virus infection, producing yellow mottle, mosaic and leaves deformation Virus incidence Virus incidence VirusInc days Anthracnose incidence - Estimation Compute the proportion of anthracnose damaged individuals or their parts , commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Count anthracnose disease ?blight? or leaf spot affected plants in plot twice (First inspection at 10 to 12 weeks post planting and second inspection after 2 to 4 weeks before harvesting ) and compute the proportion of damanged Colored spots on spine base-Estimation Record of the existance of colored spot at base of spines on a sprout (vine) Anthracnose severity - Estimation Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by yam anthracnose disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected.It is visual score in scale under screenhouse, artificial inoculation or under field natural infestation. For artificial inoculation use a suspension of three most virulent strains of Colletothrichum gloeosporioides and inoculate the plants raised from vine cutting in vertical sack or other means by spraying. For natural infestation, scores can be taken 10 to 12 weeks after planting and second scoring about 4-6 weeks before harvesting . Artificial inoculation should be scored at 3 days after inoculation(DAI) , and repeated at 7DAI, 11DAI and 15DAI Tuber flesh white index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the white index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Estimation Record date of 50% plants in a plot are showing foliage senescence Record the total number of true seed or botanical seed harvested or obtained per cross or family Quantity of true seed harvested -Counting Boiled yam sweetness Sweetness BoilYamSweet Boiled root Basic light sugary taste like a little glucose or sucrose in water solution Determination of predominant canopy architecture Canopy architecture - Estimation weight Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers harvested in a net plot Tuber Total fresh tuber weight per plot TTWP Crop cover compactness Architecture Crop folliage compactness Canopy YADI Anthracnose incidence Yam anthracnose disease incidence Plant Anthracnose incidence caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. % of anthracnose ?blight? or leaf spotaffected plants in a plot Observe the surface of product and evaluate the frequency/number of the black points Appearance method Computed as total tubers weight per plant multiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Total tuber yield adjusted-computation Presence of fiber strand-Estimation Score the presence or absence of ?ber strands on pounded yam Weight Average weight of big size tubers in kg AWBT Average weigth of big size tuber Big tuber Plant type-Estimation Visual assessment of the tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain mature height and spread Leaf beetle incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of plants with leaf beetle damage from the total number of plants in the effective plots on leaf beetle damange record taken twice(at two and five months after planting date) Tuber flesh color lower or tail portion- Estimation Observe and record fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the tail portion of the tuber at harvesting time. StickPndedYam The degree to which the pounded yam is adhesive or stick to the fingure, mouth surface and teeth Stickiness of pounded yam Pounded yam Stickiness YamHdHar Hardness Pounded yam hardness Pounded yam Softness is when it is quite easy to compress the sample, while hardness is when force is used to compress the sample or takes effort to compress the sample Number Medium size tubers per plot NMTP Medium tuber Number of medium size tubers that weighing ? 0.5kg and <1 kg in a net plot or unit area Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by virus disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected using visual five ordinal scale . Predominant severity per plot must be registered at least thrice : 8 to 10 weeks after planting, 4 to 6 weeks after first scoring and the last scoring at 4 to 6 weeks after the second scoring Viruses infection severity - Estimation Presence of colored spots at the spine base of sprouted shoots (vine) with spines Presence of spot on spine base Spine colored spot SPBCOL Record the predominant color of stem on mature plant at five to six month after emergence using a five color scale Stem color - Estimation color Tuber flesh Whitness of the Flesh colour The surface whiteness of the yam tuber flesh Stmht Height or the length of stem height Stem Stem height Seed tuber Number NTP Number of seed tubers planted in a plot or unit area Tubers planted Fruit development intensity-Estimation Score the degree of fruit development in scale Record appearance of cracks on tuber surface as absent, few and many Cracks on the tuber surface-Estimation Record the number of developed fruits or fruit set in pollinated flowers/inflorescence Fruits developed number - Counting Aroma of pounded yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the pounded yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the pounded yam to eat Averaged maximum ground cover over two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Maximum ground cover computed from ground cover dynamic modeled using time to event Beta Growth model. Subplot maximum ground cover from weekly image analysis - Computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of big size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Big size yam fresh weight per plant- computation Texture in the hand smoothness method Sample is pressed firmly between the fingers Seed index is an estimation of pollinated flowers producing seeds seed set ratio Seed Seed index Predominat plant or flower sex Plant sex Flower sex Sex Rotten tubers in a plot number-counting Count the number of rotten and/or diseased tubers in effective plot Tfoxd Tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber flesh oxidation Tuber Enzymatic oxidation rate Stem Stem diameter of a mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) diameter Stem diameter STMDM Calculated as total tuber weight per plot divided by total number of tubers per plot Average tuber weight -computation Tuber surface smoothness texture Tbrtxtur Tuber surface texture Tuber Seed Seed germination rate A proportion of sown true (botanical) seed which germinate and produce seedling germRate germination rate Hairiness of tuber bark - Estimation Record the intensity of tuber hairs or secondary roots on the surface of harvested tubers Observe the leaf abundance or mass on a mature plant and rate the density Leaf density - Estimation SPNSP Presence of spines on sprout (vines) Presense Spines on sprout presence Spine on sprout Time the first seed germination occurred germination starting time Seeds germination start time germstart Seed Compute as the total number of tubers in a net plot divided by the number of harvested plant per net plot Total tubers per plant-computation content yam flour Tuber flour protein content Tuber flour protein content Observe the appearance of roots, thones and srout buds on surface of harvested tubers and make visual score using scale Tuber surface appearance - Estimation 1-9 scale End of flowering time - Computation Computing the number of days required from 50% of sprout emergence to when plant does not produce more new flowers. Aerial tuber duration Time to bulbil initiation Bulbil initiation time TIMbulb Yam tuber dry rot severity Dryrot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot severity Tuber Ability to set or form fruts-Estimation Observe fruit setting or formation of female flowers of monoeciouse and dieciouse plants and rate the ability set for form fruits Corm size-Estimation Record corm size in relation to tuber size using three scale NpollF Inflorescence number Pollinated florets number Quantity of Female Flowers which has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent Leaf beetle incidence Incidence of leaf beetle damage. Leaf beetle damage incidence Lfbtinc Leaf Small size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of small size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Time to maturity Mat Length of time toward crop maturity Plant Maturity time 0-7 scale Times to first sprout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date first sprout or plant in a plot or unit area emerged Compute the average of the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh color computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Count the number of branches above ground on at least five mature plants in a plot and record the average Number of branchs - computation Period from 5% to 95% emergence Computation of the substraction between the necessary time before 95% and 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Medium size tubers harvested number- counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ? 500 gm and <1 kg harvested per effective plot Observe and score scale insect infestation on tuber at harvest Scale insect infestation - Estimation Times fruit formation or set on monoeciuse or femal flowers of dioeciouse yam plants Time to fruit setting Fruit Frtset Fruiting ability Record time in minutes lasted for cut tuber flesh to become or not oxidized and score in scale Tuber oxidation-Estimation Record appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface at harvest Crazy roots presence on tubers at harvest-Estimation Determination of the predominant shape in the entire family/plot as a unit Tuber shape - Estimation Compute the yellow index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh yellow index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Corm type-Estimation Record the corm type as regular, transversally elongated or brached using scale NSTPL Number of small size tubers ( <0.5kg) per plant Number Small tuber Small size tubers per plant ATW Weight Tuber Average tuber weight Average tuber weight in kg Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Color difference bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Length of medium size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg ) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Rotten tuber weight Rotten Tuber Weight Weight of rotten/diseased tubers RDTW petlngth Petiole length Lengh Petiole Length of petiole 1-3 scale Dryrot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot presence Tuber Yam tuber dry rot presence Tuber flesh oxidation color-Estimation Record the flesh enzymatic oxidation color using color scale Big size yam yield adjusted-computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per per plant mutiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Flowering intensity - Estimation Record the abundance or intesity of flowering when more than 50% of the plants are flowered in a plot 1-3 scale Yam odour Odour of boiled yam BoilYamOdor Boiled yam Yam flavor Boiled root Compute number of growing degree days required from planting (or 50% emergence) to 50% foliage senescence or maturity. Growing degree days to maturity-Estimation Duration from median emergence to 5% senescence of subplot - Computation Averaged senescence earliness expressed in days from median emergence to 5% senescence (i.e. 95% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. The optical appearance of pouned yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of pounded yam structure Pounded yam apppoundedyam Pounded yam appearance appearance Foliage senescence time - Estimation Record the date when all plants in a plot shows a sign of 100% foliage senescence Medium tuber NMTPL Number of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) per plant Medium size tubers per plant Number Set seed per Fruit Seeds set per fruit number Number of seeds developed per fruit after hand flowers pollination SdSet gm/sett Number Plant Number of nodes carrying cataphylles Mean number of nodes carrying cataphylles on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Number Dryrot Tuber yield Big size tubers yield adjusted tons per hectare Big tuber BTYA Big size tuber yield adjusted Leaf Leaf shape of plants shape Lfshp Leaf shape Mean duration between fisrt emergence and first true leaf apprearance on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Heterophylly duration Plant Duration from emergence to first true leaf Measure the length from lobes to the tip using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant and at leat five plants on a plot), and record the average length Leaf length - computation vein color Leaf Vein color lveincol Color or pigmentation of leaf vein Odour method Take a whiff and evaluate the intensity of yam odour variable_of Tuber yield no adjusted- Computation Computed as total tuber weight per plot divided by size of net or effective harvest plot and result multiplied by 10 Visual assessment of spines on a stem (vine) above the base of mature plants in a plot Density of spines on stem base of a plant-Etimation 0-4 scale Vines established-computation Compute the proportion or ratio of vines cuttings survive and producing shoots from the total of planted vine cuttings Germination rate - Computation Compute the proportion of sown true or botanical seed which germinate and produce seedling ready for transplant , usually observed at three weeks after sowing. Record the presence and absence of bulbils (aerial tubers) in the vines of yam plant Presence of bulbil - Estimation Tuber predominant shape Shape Tuber shape TbrSh Tuber Hairs on sprout (vines) Sprout HAIRSP Sprout hairiness hairiness Hardness scale 0-100 Nodes carrying cataphylle per plant Record date when 50% of plants in a plot begin producing bulbils or aerial tubers Bulbil initiaition time - Estimation Sprout SprtCol Sprout color Color of the sprout (vine and leaves). color Tuber Length Tuber length Tbrleng Average length of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Number of true seeds sown-counting Record the number of true seeds sown per cross or family First inflorescence time - Compuation Compute the number of days required to first inflorescence emergence in a plot Boiled root surface Both inner and outer colour can range from light yellowish (off-white) to white (pure white) Boiled yam whiteness Whiteness BoilYamWhit Smoothness scale 0-10 number of spikes Period duration from planting to first sprouts emergence Latency before emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 5th percentile emergence sprouts in a plot Sprout Tuber beetle incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers with tubers beetle damage from the total number of harvested tubers in the effective plot at harvesting time. Sprout color - estimation Record the predominant color of the sprouts (plant) per plot at 20 days after emergence BoilYamBrow Brownness Brown colour of product after cooking Boiled yam brownness Boiled root surface Computation of inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to median emergence Senescence earliness Time from median emergence to 5% senescence Growth duration Canopy Hardness scale 0-10 Stickness scale 0-100 Tuber flesh brown index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the brown index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Medium size tubers fresh weight per plot -measurement Record the weight of medium size ( ? 500 gm and <1 kg) tubers in a net plot Big size tubers harvested number - counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ?1 kg harvested per effective plot Record the date of fruits harvest in a crossing block or from plant Fruit harvesting time- Estimation Microscopy (10x) image analysis of iodin colored yam tuber flour (0.5mm) Microscopy image analysis Hair on stem - Estimation Observe the presence or absence of hairs on stem surface Observe the femal flowering intensity or abudance per inflorences and rate Femal flowers abundance or intensity per inflorescence-Estimation Texture of pounded yam-Estimation Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when pouned yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand number of fruit Total tuber fresh weight per plot -computation Compute the sum all category or size of tubers (Big, medium, small size, and rotten and diseased) fresh weight per plot Colour The degree of whiteness of the pounded yam sample like a plain white paper or white flip chart/colour of boiled egg albumen, or Colour of the pounded yam comparable to that of Soymilk or “Eba” from white “Gaari”, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to that of greyness covering a boiled egg yolk, or colour of pounded yam, or colour of pounded yam comparable to that of evaporated liquid milk such as Peak milk, or colour of pounded yam comparable to boiled egg yolk that is light in colour, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to deep colour of Yellow maize, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour whole wheat meal or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour of carton paper. Pounded yam colour YamCol Pounded yam Plant Vine cutting establishment rate establishment rate Vestrat Proportion of vine cuttings established well that producing shoots plants per plot Smoothness of pounded yam- Estimation Score the smoothnessof the pounded yam , i.e., absence of lumps by finger feeling and using intensity scale bulbil/plant Tuber MbugSev Mealybug tuber infestation severity Severity of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation severity number of fruits Score the intensity of tuber flesh oxidation (flesh surface color change) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using scale Tuber flesh oxidation intensity-Estimation Width of medium size tubers-Computation Measure the width of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg )from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average number of tubers 1-5 scale Viruses infection incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of virus symptomatic individuals or their parts or commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Take virus incidence recording thrice: First inspection at 8 to 10 weeks after planting and second inspection after 4 to 6 weeks after first inspection for virus symptoms and the third and final inspection 4 to 6 weeks after the second inspection . WBTPL weight Big tuber Big size tuber weight per plant Weight of big size tubers per plant Measure the length of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of big size tubers-Computation arrangement lfpst Leaf Leaf position Arrangement of leaves on stem or vine 1-5 scale