Pounded yam texture estimation 1-3 scale A.mele IITA Txt_PY 0 Absent A.Amele IITA Upper surface vein color estimation 1-4 Boiled yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale IITA Aroma_BY A.mele Number of dry rot tubers count IITA A.Amele A.Amele IITA Total tubers per plant computation Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam stickness scale 0-100 A.Amele tbrwidth Average tuber width computation in cm IITA Bulbil presence estimation 0&1 IITA AeTuber A. Lopez-Montes GH IITA Plant type estimation 1-3 A.Amele A.Amele IITA Total tubers per plot computation 4 Fully smooth Twining habit estimation 0-1 A.Amele TWNH IITA A.mele IITA Boiled yam appearance estimation 1-5 scale Appearance_BY No visible symptoms of anthracnose disease or infection spot on the leaf surface 1 A.Amele SPRTL IITA Sprout length measurement in cm Cohesiveness estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA Scale insect infestation estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Aetbrin Bulbil initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele Internode length measurement in cm IITA Total tuber weight per plant computation in kg A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color middle portion estimation 1-9 IITA Flcolr_middle IITA Total tuber weight per plot computation in kg A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tbeti Tuber beetle incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes Seed germination rate percentage GR IITA Pounded yam mouldability scale 0-10 YamMoul_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria Bolanle Otegbayo IITA A.Amele Weight of medium tubers per plant computation kgplt Extremely pofuse (plant producing with abundant flowring mostly more than 50 inflorescences per plant) 9 D.Cornet Cirad Growth cycle length computation in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence 3 soft or smooth A.Amele Average tuber weight computation in kg IITA Bulbils per plot count IITA A. Lopez-Montes Aetbrp IITA Time to 50% foliage senescence estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele DATS A.Amele TubYld IITA Total tuber yield computation in t/ha A.Amele Stem height measurement in m IITA DAFGR IITA Seeds germination start time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele R_Kni IITA A. Lopez-Montes Root knot nematode incidence computation % Senescence period duration computation in days between 5 and 95% senescence Cirad D.Cornet 2 intermediate IITA A.Amele Medium tubers per plant computation Small tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA Senescence class estimation 1-9 A.Amele MatC IITA IITA Vine cuttings planted count A.Amele Light brown 8 No_stdh IITA A. Lopez-Montes Plant stand harvested count D.Cornet Number of nodes carrying cataphylles before first true leaf counting/plant Cirad Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam whiteness scale 0-100 Number of branches per plant count A.Amele IITA fruit set number percentage IITA A. Lopez-Montes regular 1 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam granuleness 0-100 IITA A. Lopez-Montes DAYHS Foliage senescence time computation in days A.Amele Strepdym Springness estimation 1-2 IITA A.Amele First inflorescence initiation time computation IITA Present 100 IITA Fruit maturity time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele D.Cornet Cirad Tuber color uniformity computation IITA Cormtype Corm type estimation 1-3 A.Amele 5 Medium stretchability D.Cornet Cirad Crop cover compactness computation like 4 Aetbrshap Shape of bulbil estimation 1-4 A.Amele IITA A.Amele IITA Corm size estimation 1-3 Cormsize 5 Cream IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color upper portion estimation 1-9 Flcolr_head A.Amele Bulbils per plant computation IITA Aetbrpl A. Lopez-Montes IITA Root knot nematode severity estimation in 1-5 R_kns IITA Lower surface vein color estimation 1-4 A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Fruit set number estimation 1-3 FRTINT A.Amele flrsex Plant sex estimation 0-4 plntsex IITA A.Amele IITA Crossing date esimation in yy/mm/dd Polldate Leaf beetle damage severity estimation in 1-5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Btl_S IITA A.Amele Leaf length measurement in cm Neither like nor dislike 3 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam black spots presence scale 0-100 Aroma_PY A.mele pounded yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale IITA Crumby 100 3 Late (75% of the plants in a plot with still green foliage but few plants (upto 25% plants in a plot) showing up to 25% of leaves senescence IITA Bulbil weight per plot measurement in kg A.Amele Aetubwtp Vine cutting establishment rate percentage A.Amele IITA A.Amele SECSP Secondary sprouting estimation nominal 0&1 IITA Tuber beetle severity estimation in 1-5 Tbets IITA A. Lopez-Montes Cirad Tuber flesh color computation D.Cornet Monoecious male (m>f) 3 A.Amele Spines on stem estimation 0-2 IITA 4 like IITA Spines on sprout presence estimation nominal 0&1 A.Amele SPCOLO Sprout color estimation 1-5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flour protein content computation 2 dislike Fruit index computation 0 to 1 IITA A.Amele IITA Smoothness estimation 1-3 A.Amele 3 Thorny (small prominences ending in a small thorn) A.Amele Mtbrwt IITA Weight medium tubers per plot measurement in kg YamHar_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam hardness scale 0-10 Bowen University, Nigeria IITA Lower surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes DtFlrin Flower initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A. Lopez-Montes Mealybug severity estimation in 1-5 M_Bs Boiled yam bitter after taste 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin fflrab A.Amele Female flowering intensity per spike estimation 1-4 IITA Boiled yam chewingness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin A. Lopez-Montes Btl_I IITA Leaf beetle damage incidence computation % Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation estimation 0-3 A.Amele IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam crumbness scale 0-100 Presence of tuber dry rot estimation in 0&1 A.Amele IITA 3 very attractive A.Amele frtform IITA Fruit setting estimation 0&1 3 Grey A.Amele First sprout emergence time computation in days Emerday IITA Separability of corm estimation binary 0&1 IITA cormsep A.Amele Taste_BY A.mele IITA Boiled yam taste estimation 1-5 scale Crop vigor computation in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover D.Cornet Cirad 9 orange IITA Leaf position estiamtion 1-3 A.Amele A.Amele IITA Small tubers per plant compuatation 1 Yes D.Cornet Duration of heterophyllic period computation in days after planting Cirad yam starch breakdown RVT A.Amele IITA Corm estimation binary 0&1 IITA A.Amele IITA Tubers planted counting/plot Sett-N A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes Thorn Tuber thorniness estimation 0&1 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Con_Stick_PY Stickiness estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele Tuber surface crack estimation 0-3 IITA Petiole length measurement in cm A.Amele IITA Off white 0 Estbp-N A.Amele Established plants counting/plot IITA A. Lopez-Montes Pollinated spikes counting NPOLS IITA Fruits harvested per cross counting Matfrt IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA Small size tuber length computation in cm A.Amele Tuber flesh color gradient computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele DF IITA Flowering time computation in days Spine base color estimation nominal 0&1 IITA A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes M_Bi Mealybug incidence computation % Latency period duration computation in number of days from planting to 5% sprouts emergence D.Cornet Cirad Virus incidence computation % VRSI IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA Leaf shape estimation 1-7 A.Amele A.Amele IITA Internode length computation in cm INODL First leaf emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Color_BY A.mele IITA Boiled yam color estimation 1-5 scale highly oxidizing 3 Appearance_PY A.mele Pounded yam appearance estimation 1-3 scale IITA A.Amele IITA Fruit development status estimation 1-2 S_Brs Tuber dry rot severity estimation 0-4 IITA A. Lopez-Montes 3 Anthracnose symptoms covering ~26 t0 ~50% of the plant. One or two spots of more than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface. Small dark and no dried spots with more than 1 cm width, are present IITA Medium size tuber length computation in cm A.Amele Moderate (producing some flowers mostly 10-29 inflorescences per plant) 5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Appearance of tuber surface estimation 1-4 4 like Absent 0 Severe necrosis and death of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue more than 1.5 cm of diameter and covering a great proprotion of the leaf surface. Yellowing of the gree tissue is generalised in the leaf blade. 5 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam hardness scale 0-100 D.Cornet Cirad Senescence earliness computation in days from median emergence to 5% senescence IITA A.Amele Time to 50% foliage senescence computation in days DM 2 slightly sticky Young leaf color estimation 1-5 IITA A.Amele 1 Very Late (all the plants in a plot still show green foliage (green leaf and vine) IITA Btbrwt A.Amele Weight of big tubers per plot measurement in kg FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam odour scale 0-100 PLNV Plant vigor estimation 1-3 IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Fiber estimation 1-2 Big tuber width computation in cm Btbrwidth A.Amele IITA IITA Medium tubers per plot counting number A.Amele like extremely 5 D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flour sugar content computation 100 High IITA Seeds sown/family counting A.Amele Fruit setting time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele IITA Weight of small tuber per plant computation kgplant A.Amele A.Amele IITA Tuber flesh color measurement Tbrflcolr A.Amele True seeds harvested/cross counting Botseed IITA IITA A.Amele Big tubers per plot counting number A. Lopez-Montes Rot_Wt Weight of rotten/diseased tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA Sticky 100 IITA A.Amele, A. Lopez-Mentes Proportion of emerged plants (sprouts) computation/% Ratiosp IITA A.Amele Tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha 1 dislikeextremely IITA TUBSIZE Tuber size estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes Tuber dormancy period estimation IITA Dorm A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Seedling survival rate percentage TBR_Hairy IITA A. Lopez-Montes Hairiness of tuber estimation 1-3 A.Amele Average tuber length measurement in cm TBRL IITA Low (flowering is scare with the presence of few flowers mostly less than 10 inflorescences per plant) 3 100 Sweet Dayflrin IITA A. Lopez-Montes Fower initiation time computation in days A. Lopez-Montes SETW Weight of planted tubers computation/ gm IITA Big tuber yield computation in t/ha IITA A. Lopez-Montes Dark green 3 Difficult to cut 100 DAEGR A.Amele End of seeds germination time estiamtion in yy/mm/dd IITA IITA A. Lopez-Montes End of flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtendFlr Stbrwidth A.Amele IITA Small tuber width computation in cm A.Amele DFM IITA Times to fruit maturity computation in days Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam colour scale 1-9 YamCol_Meas_1to9 Purplish white 5 IITA Weight of big tubers per plant measurement in kg A.Amele MTWPL Dayaetbrin A.Amele Times to bulbil initiation computation IITA Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam fibrousness scale 0-100 IITA Number of internodes to first branching computation/plot A.Amele presence 1 IITA A.Amele Upper surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 D.Cornet Cirad Heterophylly presence estimation nominal 0&1 AnthracSev IITA A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease severity estimation in 1-5 A.Amele Sprout hairiness estimation nominal 0&2 IITA 4 Monoecious female(f>m) 100 Pure white A.mele IITA Txt_BY Boiled yam texture estimation 1-5 scale A.Amele Maturity time estimation GGD IITA Tuber shape estimation 1-4 A. Lopez-Montes TUBSHA IITA Yam ontology Boiled yam bitterness 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam brownness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin A.Amele Rotten tubers per plot counting number NRDT IITA Stem color estimatiion 1-5 IITA A.Amele IITA AetbrwtPl Bulbil yield per plant measurement in kg A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Flowering intensity estimation 0-9 FLRI 3 few thorns or spines on tuber surface yam anthracnose disease incidence computation % IITA A. Lopez-Montes AnthracInc Pounded yam stretchability scale 0-10 YamStr_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria IITA First inflorescence initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA End of flowering time computation in days A. Lopez-Montes Dayendflr No brown 0 White 1 Oxid A.Amele Tuber oxidation estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele DtFFlr Flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA 7 Many thorns or spines on tuber surface A.Amele Mature leaf color estimation 1-5 IITA 50% sprout emergence time computation in days A.Amele DyFemer IITA A.Amele Big tuber average weight computation in kg IITA sder IITA Seedling establishment rate percentage A. Lopez-Montes like 4 dislike 2 absence 0 1 strong or hard or lumpy Seed index computation 0 to 1 IITA A.Amele Hairy (few scattered or many roots in the surface of the tuber) 2 Leaf apex shape estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele IITA A.Amele Crazy roots presence estimation 0&1 2 female flower 0 Not streachable IITA Leaf width measurement in cm A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes TDMC Dry matter content percentage Stem diameter computation in mm A.Amele stemdim IITA Boiled yam sweetness 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Stem hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele 10 Mouldable 6 Light yellow Symptom on >51% of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue and covering a signifcant proprotion of the leaf surface. Areas with less than 1 cm width are coalescing to bigger spots also. Yellowing of green tissue is intense around the spots areas. 4 7 brownish white A.Amele IITA Inflorescence type estimation Absent 0 IITA Mtbrwidth Medium tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Pounded yam smoothness scale 0-10 YamSmot_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria IITA A. Lopez-Montes FrtN Fruits developed per cross counting IITA Leaf density estimation 1-7 A.Amele Seeds set/fruit computation IITA A. Lopez-Montes very sweet 5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes virus severity estimation in 1-5 VRSS A.Amele Root position estimation 1-4 IITA Pale green 2 7 Profuse (plant producing many more flowers mostly 30 to 50 inflorescences per plant) 5 Medium stickiness 0 Non sticky A.Amele IITA Emerged plants counting/plot Neither like nor dislike 3 3 Neutral Yellowish 1 Canopy architecture estimation 1-4 IITA Canopy A. Lopez-Montes 3 51-75% tuber skin showing symptoms 100 Brown IITA Pollmech Pollination type estimation 1-4 A.Amele 0 No flower or bud. No inflorescence and not flowering at all Cirad Starch grain size computation D.Cornet 4 Long (More than 50% of the tubers sprouted at three month after harvesting time) IITA Tuber flesh texture estimation 1-3 A.Amele Weight of small tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA Stbrwt A.Amele IITA DtFemer A.Amele 50% sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd 0 Abesnt 10 Very stretchable A.Amele Time to first leaf emergence computation IITA YamStic_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam stickness scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria A.Amele Emerdt IITA First sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd 1 dislikeextremely A.Amele Uniformity of tuber flesh color estimation binary 0&1 IITA flcol_uni Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh yellowness computation 3 Neither like nor dislike IITA DateHS Foliage senescence time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele A.Amele Big tubers per plant computation IITA IITA Tuber flesh color lower portion estimation 1-9 Flcolr_tail A. Lopez-Montes 0 Difficult Brown 9 0 No purple Purple 100 like extremely 5 4 Light grey IITA Tuber thorniness intensity estimation 0-7 A.Amele Few anthracnose spots or sysmptoms on 1 t0 ~25% of the plant. One or two spots of less than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface 2 Low 3 1 Spherical 2 oxidizes between 1 and 2 minure after cutting A.Amele Seeds germinated counting IITA Twining direction estimation 1-2 IITA A. Amele D.Cornet Cirad Earliness of emergence computation in number of days from planting to 50% sprouts emergence 1 aborted flower. Presence of small or rudimentary inflorescences/flowers that can show an abortion or abscission point at joint of the pedicel Tuber flesh brownness computation D.Cornet Cirad sweet 4 Purplish green 4 No fibers 0 Pollinated florets counting IITA A. Lopez-Montes Emergence vigor computation in number of days between 5% and 95% sprouts emergence D.Cornet Cirad 0 no thorns or spines on tuber surface oxidizes less than a minure 1 Bulbil yield estimation in t/ha IITA A. Lopez-Montes AetbrYld 9 very early (The plants are completely senescent, yellowing is complete and uniform (both leaves and vines 100% senescence) 1 Few early (The plants have senescent foliage (75% of the plants in a plot with 50% leaves showing sign of yellowing but the vines still green) 7 0 No 8 deep purple Tuber flesh whiteness computation D.Cornet Cirad Big tuber length computation in cm IITA A.Amele Fruit harvest time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA 100 Easy IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber surface texture estimation 1-2 Con_Taste_PY A. Lopez-Montes Taste estimation 1-5 IITA 0 Absent D.Cornet Tuber flour starch content computation Cirad D.Cornet Cirad Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation computation Boiled yam purpleness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi IITA Color_PY pounded yam color estimation 1-5 scale A.mele Irregular 4 2 dislike 1 Rough Creamy white 2 1 not attractive Yellow 7 IITA A. Lopez-Montes S_Bri Tuber dry rot incidence computation in % 1 sticky Field establishment rate compuation in % A.Amele Estbp-ratio IITA no oxidization 0 Intermediate 5 Cirad D.Cornet Maximum ground cover computation in % 7 High IITA A.Amele Flesh oxidation color estimation 1-4 Fibers 100 Slightly bitter 2 Big tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha A.Amele IITA 2 Rough Off-white 2 3 oxidizes more than 3 minutes Not crumby 0 Granular 100 0 Non flowering 0 Not granular Low 0 Absent 0 Cylindrical 3 slightly oxidizing 1 1 1-25% tuber skin showing symptoms 76-100% tuber skin showing symptoms 4 A.Amele Number of leaves per plant count IITA 1 Smooth 0 Big lumps slighty irregular 3 Very hard 10 1 Present IITA Stems per plant computation per plant A. Lopez-Montes stnp Not sticky 3 very bitter 1 Medium mouldability 5 1 Male flower 100 Bitter Yellow 3 Purple 5 Oval 2 Absence of lumps 10 like extremely 5 5 like extremely creamy 6 attribute Purple 4 highly irregular 5 Very soft 0 100 Present 0 No symptoms Easy to cut 0 Not sticky 0 moderately attractive 2 Medium (50% of the plants are still green or on the onset of senescence. Only 50% plants in a plot with 25% of the leaves showing senescence or slight yellowing 5 0 Not mooldable 26-50% tuber skin showing symptoms 2 1 dislikeextremely Many 2 1 White acronym entity Very sticky 10 Leaf apex shape Lfapx shape Leaf apex Leaf apex shape Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of medium size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Medium size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Number of internodes to first branchs on a plant Number of internodes to first branching Stem internode number NINFB Number Number of bulbil Bulbpl Aerial tuber Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Fruits harvested number - Counting Record the number of harvested fruits per cross Tuber flour sugar content yam flour Tuber flour sugar content content Averaged senescence period duration expressed in days between 5 and 95% senescence (i.e. 95% and 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% and 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5 and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Stem hairiness hairiness stmhair Hairiness of stem Stem Record date the first seed germination observed per cross or family Time of first seed germination-Estimation content Tuber flour starch content yam flour Tuber flour starch content variable_of Compute average number of internodes to first branching of at least five plants internode counts taken in a plot Number of internode-computation Spleng length Sprout Sprout length Length of sprouted shoots (vines) Tuber flesh The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color color Tbrfclr Survival rate Seedling transplant survival rate Establishment rate of seedlings four weeks after transplanting operation Tsurvrat Seedling Record time (date) when the plant does not produce more new flowers in a plot End of flowering time - Estimation Emerged sprouts -Counting Count the emerged plants (sprouts) per plot every week starting from first plant/sprout emergence date till the last plant or spourt emerge in a plot Stmcol color Stem color Stem The surface color of stem Boiled yam stickness Boiled root BoilYamHdStick Stickness in hand Property related to the adhesion of the product between the fingers Assess hairiness of leaf surface (lower part) Leaf hairiness - Estimation Petiole length - Computation Measure the length of petiole using measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average length Stem diameter-computation Measure the stem diameter at 15 cm above the base of five plants before senescence in a plot and record the average 0-2 scale Score taste of pounded yam using sensory test panalist Taste of pounded yam - Estimation Plant harvested number - Counting Counting the number of plants where tubers were harvested in a plot mlfcol Leaf Leaf color color The leaf surface color or pigmentation Tuber surface appearance - Estimation Observe the appearance of roots, thones and srout buds on surface of harvested tubers and make visual score using scale G.Arnau Flesh oxidation quantitative computation Cirad Texture in the hand stretchabilitymethod The pounded yam is touched and pulled apart with the fingers Shape regularity Texture in the hand hardness method Tuber shape regularity Regularity of tuber shape Sample is pressed with the index finger Tuber Tuber Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dryrot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot incidence Virus incidence Plant Reaction of the total plants per plot to the virus infection, producing yellow mottle, mosaic and leaves deformation VirusInc Virus incidence Small size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of small size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot petlngth Length of petiole Petiole Petiole length Lengh Tuber beetle severity or intensity estimated usually as number of nymph present in tubers at harvesting time. Tuber beetle severity - Estimation Presence of fiber strand-Estimation Score the presence or absence of ?ber strands on pounded yam Length of big size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average % Virus severity Plant Virus severity VirusSev Grade of reaction of the plant to the viruses infection, varying from mottle, mosaics until total leaves deformation Big size tuber weight per plant Weight of big size tubers per plant weight Big tuber WBTPL Duration of heterophylly period - Computing Compute the average of the period from emergence to first true leaf appearance on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Observe fruit setting or formation of female flowers of monoeciouse and dieciouse plants and rate the ability set for form fruits Ability to set or form fruts-Estimation Texture in the hand method After breaking or cutting, breaking or crumbling, evaluate the intensity of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye BoilYamWhit Boiled root surface Both inner and outer colour can range from light yellowish (off-white) to white (pure white) Boiled yam whiteness Whiteness Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Color difference bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Tuber size TbrSz Tuber size Size Tuber Position of root appearance on tubers-Estimation Record position of appearance of roots at surface to tubers Rotten tuber fresh weight per plot - Measurement Record weight of rotten and/or diseased tubers harvested in a net plot number Stand harvested number Number of plants harvested Haversted plant NPH Number Record the date 90% of the developed fruits shows sign of physiological maturity (turning brown) Fruit maturity time - Estimation appearance Boiled yam appearance The optical appearance of boiled yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of boiled yam structure appboiledyam Boiled yam Yam starch breakdown starchbrk starch Tuber The breakdown of yam starch extracted from fresh tubers were determined using a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA-TecMaster, Perten Instruments, Australia) SE Foliage senescence or maturity class Plant Maturity class Senescence Big tuber BTYld Big size yam yield Big size tubers yield nonadjusted tons per hectare yield Intensity or abudance of female flowers on spikes/infloresences Female flowering intensity abondance Flower fflrint 1-7 scale Secondary sprouting - estimation Record emergence of new secondary sprouts from the planted seed tuber/sett in a plot at three months after planting Leaf color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf on a young plant Field establishment-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of well-established plants in a plot from the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted Number Seeds sown Quantity of botanical or true seeds sown per family or cross Seed sown Sdsown Boiled yam Boiled yam color Optical color or pigmentation of boiled yam colbldyam color Total tuber yield adjusted-computation Computed as total tubers weight per plant multiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 1-3 scale Observe the optical color or pigementation of pounded yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of pounded yam-Estimation Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing mature fruits Fruit index Established plants Number of well established plants ( plants growing with good vigour and without severe constraints) in a plot Number NESP Plant Big size yam yield no adjusted- Computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per plot divided by size of effective harvest plot mutiplied by 10 TastePndedYam Taste of pounded yam taste Pounded yam Taste of pounded yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Big size tuber yield adjusted Big size tubers yield adjusted tons per hectare Big tuber yield BTYA Chewingness scale 0-100 Colored spots on spine base-Estimation Record of the existance of colored spot at base of spines on a sprout (vine) Time of first inflorescence initiation TIMinflor Inflorescence initiation time Plant Inflorescence initiation time Flower initaition time - Computation Computing the number of days required from first sprout emergence to first flower initiation Bulbil initiation time - Computation Compute number of days required from sprout emergence to 50% of plants in a plot start forming bulbils or aerial tubers Odour of boiled yam Yam odour Boiled root Boiled yam Yam flavor BoilYamOdor Leaf emergence time Time to the first leaf emergence on a plant or sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot TIMLE Time to first leaf emergence TWNH twining habit Tendency of climbing or trailling Twining habit Plant Feel the taste of boiled yam in mouth and make sensory score using scale how pleasing to the taste Taste of boiled yam-Estimation Appearance of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of pouned yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat corsep Corm separation from tuber separation Corm Corm separability from tuber Seed index Seed index is an estimation of pollinated flowers producing seeds Seed seed set ratio days 1-5 scale AWBT Weight Average weight of big size tubers in kg Average weigth of big size tuber Big tuber Averaged growth cycle duration expressed in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence (i.e. 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Median senescence computed from inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting. Time at 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5% emergence and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Number of bulbil - Computation Count number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils on plants in a net plot and compute the average number bulbils per plant Corm on tuber corm Presence or absence of corm on tuber Corm Presence Mean color difference between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Compute the ∆E2000 between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Stem color - Estimation Record the predominant color of stem on mature plant at five to six month after emergence using a five color scale plants per plot apppoundedyam The optical appearance of pouned yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of pounded yam structure Pounded yam appearance Pounded yam appearance Number of total (all size) tubers in a net plot or unit area TNTP Number Tuber Total tubers per plot Incidence of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Tuber MbugInc Mealybug tuber infestation incidence 1-3 scale uniteless Crop cover compactness Architecture Crop folliage compactness Canopy Hairiness of tuber bark - Estimation Record the intensity of tuber hairs or secondary roots on the surface of harvested tubers RDTW Weight Rotten tuber weight Weight of rotten/diseased tubers Rotten Tuber Plant or sprout Proportion PPE Proportion of plants /sprouts emerged in a plot Proportion of emerged plants Compute the proportion or ratio of vines cuttings survive and producing shoots from the total of planted vine cuttings Vines established-computation End of flowering time or when a plant does not produce new flower in a plot TIMEF Time to end of flowering end of flowering time Plant Leaf density - Estimation Observe the leaf abundance or mass on a mature plant and rate the density Determination of the predominant shape in the entire family/plot as a unit Tuber shape - Estimation The number of leaves on a plant Leaf Nlfyp Number Number of leaves TIMfsen Foliage senescence time Senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Plant Average length of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Medium size tuber length Length Mtbrleng Medium tuber Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when pouned yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture of pounded yam-Estimation Bulbwtp Aerial tuber Weight of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Weight Bulbil weight Time of fruit harvesting DateFH Time to fruit harvesting Fruit Harvesting ime Boiled yam arombldyam Boiled yam aroma The sense of smell or odor of boiled yam that reaches the nose before eating or the boiled yam reaches the mouth aroma m Corm cortyp Corm type Type Corm type Total tuber fresh weight per plot -computation Compute the sum all category or size of tubers (Big, medium, small size, and rotten and diseased) fresh weight per plot Tuber length-Computation Compute average tuber length of all size tubers measurement taken in a net plot Maturity time Times 90% of fruits attain physiological maturity TIMFrtM Fruit Time to fruit maturity Vine twndir twining direction Twining direction Twining direction number of tubers Tuber flour protein content yam flour content Tuber flour protein content Texture in the hand mouldability method Cirad Sample is put in the hands and moulded Shape regularity estimation 0-2 G.Arnau YADI Plant Anthracnose incidence Yam anthracnose disease incidence Anthracnose incidence caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. % of anthracnose ?blight? or leaf spotaffected plants in a plot method_of Maximum ground cover Canopy Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover taste Boiled yam taste Tastebldyam Taste of boiled yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Boiled yam Date end of seed germination-Estimation Record date the last seed germination observed per cross or family Stickness scale 0-10 Exsistence of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber Thorniness Thorn Tuber thorniness Record the date crossing made in particular flower of a plant. Date crossing-Estimation Pounded yam hardness Softness is when it is quite easy to compress the sample, while hardness is when force is used to compress the sample or takes effort to compress the sample Hardness YamHdHar Pounded yam cm Weight Weight of seed tubers (whole seed yams or setts ) planted in a plot or per unit area. Planting material from a tuber is called sett. Seed tuber could be either small, healthy whole tuber or large tubers cut into pieces (sett) WTP Seed tuber Weight of planted tubers Put the product between the molars and mash it to assess the number of chews before swallowing Texture in the mouth method BoilYamMthGran Boiled yam granuleness Granuliness in mouth Boiled root Refers to the presence of small grains during chewing germination rate germRate A proportion of sown true (botanical) seed which germinate and produce seedling Seed germination rate Seed Number Bulbp Aerial tuber Number of bulbil Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Ability of pounded yam to stretch when pulled apart with fingers Pounded yam stretchability YamHdStr Stretchability Pounded yam TTWPL Tuber Total tuber weight per plant weight Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers per plant NBTP Big tuber Number of big size tubers that weighing ?1 kg in a net plot or unit area Number Big size tubers per plot Record date 50% of sprouts in a plot emerged Time 50% of sprout emergence-Estimation Root knot incidence caused by Meloidogyne spp. Tuber Root knot nematode incidence Root knot nematode damage incidence RKNInc Density of spines on stem base of a plant-Etimation Visual assessment of spines on a stem (vine) above the base of mature plants in a plot Presenceof ?ber strands Pounded yam Fibrousness of pounded yam fbrpdym Presence of fiber strands Record the corm ability to be separated from tuber in a binary scale Corm separation from tuber-Estimation hairiness Tuber Presence of secondary roots on the tuber bark Tuber hairiness RTBS Stickness scale 0-100 Plant Mean duration between fisrt emergence and first true leaf apprearance on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Heterophylly duration Duration from emergence to first true leaf Number of emerged plants Number NEP Plant or sprout Number of an emerged plants (sprouts) in a plot Yield of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Aerial tuber Yield Bulbil yield Bulbyld Record date of first spout emergence in a plot Time first sprout emergence-Estimation Leaf apex shape-Estimation Record leaf apex shape of mature plants in a plot Flower initaition time - Estimation Record time (date) of first flower initiation in a plot or the date any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Plant or flower sex-Estimation Scoring the most frequent flower sex type when more than 50% of the plants are flowered Take count of well established plants in a plot usually at two months after planting Number of well established plants -Counting Bulbsp Shape Bulbil shape Aerial tuber Predominant shape of the bulbils Shape regularity - estimation Observe the regularity of tuber shape in visual scale Mouldability scale 0-10 Big size tuber length Btbrleng Length Big tuber Average length of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Boiled yam bitterness BoilYamBitt Bitterness Boiled root Basic bitter taste like small quantity of quinine or caffeine in water number NBTPL Big tuber Number of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) per plant Big size tubers per plant Leaf Variation in leaf mass of the plant density Lfden Leaf density Measure the width from the widest part of leaf using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average width Leaf width - computation Tuber Mealybug tuber infestation severity Severity of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation severity MbugSev Purpleness Boiled yam purpleness Purple colour tending to pink after cooking Boiled root surface BoilYamPurp 0-3 scale Femal flowers abundance or intensity per inflorescence-Estimation Observe the femal flowering intensity or abudance per inflorences and rate length Leaf length Length of leaf lflngth Leaf Sprout Period duration from planting to first sprouts emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 5th percentile emergence sprouts in a plot Latency before emergence 1-3 scale Average width of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Small tuber Small size tuber width Stbrwd Plant Vigor - Estimation Visual assessment of the plant vigour in a plot at two month after planting Pollinated spike number - Estimation Count the number of pollinated spikes per female parent per cross Pounded yam Smoothness of pounded yam smthpdym Smoothness Smoothnessof the material, i.e., absence of lumps number of fruits Odour method Take a whiff and evaluate the intensity of yam odour Corm Corm size Size Size of corm in relation to tuber corsz The sense of smell or odor of pounded yam that reaches the nose before eating or the pounded yam reaches the mouth arompoundedyam Pouned yam Pounded yam aroma aroma BoilYamBrow Brownness Brown colour of product after cooking Boiled root surface Boiled yam brownness Bitterness 0-100 Times to 50% spout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date 50% of sprouts or plants in a plot emerged Compute the number of days required from first sprout emergence to the first leaf to emerge on a sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Times to the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Computation Number FrtHvstN Number of harvested fruits per cross after physiological maturity Fruits harvested number Fruit per cross Tuber predominant shape Shape Tuber TbrSh Tuber shape Computation of the necessary time before 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to 5% emergence Pollinated florets number Quantity of Female Flowers which has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent number Inflorescence NpollF End of flowering time - Computation Computing the number of days required from 50% of sprout emergence to when plant does not produce more new flowers. Arrangement of leaves on stem or vine lfpst Leaf position Leaf arrangement Number of true seeds sown-counting Record the number of true seeds sown per cross or family Total tuber fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of all categroy/size tubers taken in a plot to the number of harvested plant in a net plot Small tuber Small size tubers per plot Number of small size tubers that weighing <0.5kg in a net plot or unit area NSTP Number G.Arnau Appearance method Visually inspect sample surface Tuber shape quantitative computation Cirad Seedling tranplant survival rate-computation Compute the proportion of seedlings survived or established well after transplant operation Assess the leaf beetle infestation at two and five months after planting and record its severity Leaf beetle severity - Estimation pollination time Crossing date datcross Date crossing or pollination attempted Plant Inft type Inflorescence type Inflorescence The arrangement of flowers on stem or twig of a plant Weight Weight of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) in a net plot or unit area Medium tuber MTW Medium size tubers weight per plot Pounded yam color color colpoundedyam Optical color or pigmentation of pounded yam Pounded yam Tuber flesh oxidation intensity Tuber Oxidation intensity Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Intoxd 1-4 score Small size tubers per plant-Computation Compute the number of small size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of small size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants 1-4 scale Smoothness scale 0-10 Small tuber Number of small size tubers ( <0.5kg) per plant Number Small size tubers per plant NSTPL Aerial tuber Bulbil presence Presence of bulbils or aerial tubers in the nodes of the vines Bulbil Presence of bulbil Measure the length of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg ) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of medium size tubers-Computation Tuber flesh cross section color uniformity-estimation Record the uniformity of tuber flesh cross-section color using visual scale at fresh cut during harvest Elapsed time between time of 5th and 95th percentiles emergence sprouts in a plot Sprout Emergence vigor Period duration from first to last sprouts emergence number of florets Sprout length-computation Compute the average sprout length of five representative plants measurement taken in a plot Times fruit formation or set on monoeciuse or femal flowers of dioeciouse yam plants Fruiting ability Time to fruit setting Frtset Fruit length Internode length Intndlngth Stem internode Internode length Plant or sprout TIMSE Time to 50% sprouts (plants) emerge in a plot 50% emergence time 50% sprout emergence time Compute the proportion of plants with leaf beetle damage from the total number of plants in the effective plots on leaf beetle damange record taken twice(at two and five months after planting date) Leaf beetle incidence - Computation Presence of bulbil - Estimation Record the presence and absence of bulbils (aerial tubers) in the vines of yam plant Length of small size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Sprout hairiness HAIRSP Sprout Hairs on sprout (vines) hairiness Tuber flesh yellow index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the yellow index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Leaf shape Lfshp shape Leaf shape of plants Leaf Measure the width of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using vernier calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of big size tubers-Computation Twining direction-Estimation Record the twining or climbing direction of the vine The degree of whiteness of the pounded yam sample like a plain white paper or white flip chart/colour of boiled egg albumen, or Colour of the pounded yam comparable to that of Soymilk or “Eba” from white “Gaari”, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to that of greyness covering a boiled egg yolk, or colour of pounded yam, or colour of pounded yam comparable to that of evaporated liquid milk such as Peak milk, or colour of pounded yam comparable to boiled egg yolk that is light in colour, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to deep colour of Yellow maize, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour whole wheat meal or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour of carton paper. Pounded yam Colour YamCol Pounded yam colour Count the number of rotten and/or diseased tubers in effective plot Rotten tubers in a plot number-counting Cohesiveness of pounded yam- Estimation Score the degree to which particles of a pounded yam stick together or how moldable it is using intensity scale Tsdh True seed Number True seeds harvested Number of true seed harvested or obained per cross or family Pounded yam Pounded yam texture txtpoundedyam The physical attributes of pounded yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands texture Compute the number of days required from fruit set to fruit phyisological maturity Fruit maturity time - Computation Foliage senescence time Datfsen Plant Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Senescence time SPNSP Presence of spines on sprout (vines) Spines on sprout presence Spine on sprout Presense Tuber wideth-computation Compute the average tuber width of all size measurement taken in a net plot tuber number/plant Computation of the substraction between the necessary time before 95% and 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from 5% to 95% emergence Medium size tubers per plot Number Number of medium size tubers that weighing ? 0.5kg and <1 kg in a net plot or unit area NMTP Medium tuber Weight Weight of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) in a net plot or unit area BTW Big tuber Big size tubers weight per plot germination starting time Time the first seed germination occurred Seeds germination start time Seed germstart Hardness scale 0-100 Compute the proportion tubers infested with mealybugs from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot at time of harvesting. Mealybug tuber incidence - Computation Hardness scale 0-10 number of seed Length Small size tuber length Small tuber Stbrleng Average length of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Record the date of fruits harvest in a crossing block or from plant Fruit harvesting time- Estimation Fruit set number - Computation Compute the fruit set number as proportion of pollinated flowers developing or setting a fruit and expressed in % Pounded yam This is when the pounded yam sticks or adhere to the fingers when it is touched with fingers or during moulding into bolus for swallowing. YamHdStic Pounded yam stickiness Stickiness Viruses infection severity - Estimation Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by virus disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected using visual five ordinal scale . Predominant severity per plot must be registered at least thrice : 8 to 10 weeks after planting, 4 to 6 weeks after first scoring and the last scoring at 4 to 6 weeks after the second scoring scale_of Tuber Average tuber weight in kg ATW Average tuber weight Weight Compute the proportion of virus symptomatic individuals or their parts or commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Take virus incidence recording thrice: First inspection at 8 to 10 weeks after planting and second inspection after 4 to 6 weeks after first inspection for virus symptoms and the third and final inspection 4 to 6 weeks after the second inspection . Viruses infection incidence - Computation Boiled yam easiness to chew Boiled root BoilYamMthChew Ease of chewing Property related to the number of chews necessary to swallow the product yield TTYNA Tuber Total tuber yield Total tuber yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Total tuber yield adjusted Tuber yield TTYA Total tuber yield adjusted tons per hectare Vine cuttings planted -counting Count the numeber vine cuttings planted Taste method After swallowing, observe the feeling or sensation of the bitter taste on the tongue and assess its intensity Mealybug tuber severity estimation on infested tubers at time harvesting Mealybug tuber severity - Estimation Weight STW Weight of small size tubers ( <0.5kg ) in a net plot or unit area Small size tubers weight per plot Small tuber TTWP Total fresh tuber weight per plot weight Tuber Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers harvested in a net plot Growing degree days to maturity-Estimation Compute number of growing degree days required from planting (or 50% emergence) to 50% foliage senescence or maturity. Count the number of leaves on at least five young plants in a plot at 30 days after emergence and record the average Number of Leaves - Computation Calculated as total tuber weight per plot divided by total number of tubers per plot Average tuber weight -computation Leaf beetle incidence Incidence of leaf beetle damage. Leaf Leaf beetle damage incidence Lfbtinc Measure the internode length of five plants before senescence at 1 meter height and record the average Internode length -computation Flowering intensity - Estimation Record the abundance or intesity of flowering when more than 50% of the plants are flowered in a plot 1-7 general scale Compute as the total number of tubers in a net plot divided by the number of harvested plant per net plot Total tubers per plant-computation number of spikes Tuber dry rot severity - Estimation Score the severity of dry rot in harvested tubers SdSet number Number of seeds developed per fruit after hand flowers pollination Set seed per Fruit Seeds set per fruit cohpdym Cohesiveness Pounded yam Cohesiveness of pounded yam Degree to which particles of a sample stick together or how moldable it is Average width of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Big tuber Big size tuber width Length Btbrwd Number of germinated seedling-Counting Record the number of germinated seedlings per cross or family Computation of inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to median emergence TubDorm Tuber dormancy period Tuber Tuber dormancy period Dormancy period 0-7 scale Plant Time when 50% of the plants in a plot are showing signs of foliage senescence TIMsen Time to 50% foliage senescence 50% Senescence time Time of first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Estimation Record time of the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vine) Tuber Average width of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Tbrwd Tuber width Wideth Number of plant Aerial tuber Time to bulbil initiation Bulbil initiation time TIMbulb duration Purpleness scale 0-100 Measure the length and width of tuber using measuring tape and record the length /with ratio Shape of tuber - computation Colour scale 1-9 Tuber Dryrot Dry rot severity Yam tuber dry rot severity Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest branch Branch Branch number Number of branches above ground Number µm Percentage Tuber Number of tubers harvested per plant Total tubers per plant Number TNTPL Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Tuber flesh Tuber flesh browning Oxidation intensity During chewing, bitter taste after swallowing, eg there is a light bitter aftertaste Boiled root BoilYamBitteraft Bitterness after taste Boiled yam bitter after taste Plant or sprout First sprout emergence time First emergence time TIMFSE Time to the first sprout (plant) emerge in a plot Date (yyyymmdd) Record the predominant color of the sprouts (plant) per plot at 20 days after emergence Sprout color - estimation Medium tuber WMTPL weight Weight of medium size tuber yam per plant Medium size tuber weight per plant Tuber flesh oxidation color-Estimation Record the flesh enzymatic oxidation color using color scale Time to maturity Mat Maturity time Plant Length of time toward crop maturity Record date when 50% of plants in a plot begin producing bulbils or aerial tubers Bulbil initiaition time - Estimation Spines on stem density density Spine Intensity of spines on stem (vine) above base of mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) SPNAB Compute the white index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh white index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values 1-5 scale Measure the flesh surface color of tuber (head, middle and tail portion) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using colorimeter (a color spectrophotometer) or standard color chart. Tuber flesh color reading -measurement Hairiness of sprout - Estimation Record existance of hairs on a sprout (vine) Tuber Tuber length Length Tbrleng Average length of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Record absence or presence of spines on a sprout (vine) Spines on sprout base-estimation kg/plant Score the length oxidation (from head) and the length tuber and record the oxidation length / length tuber ratio Flesh oxidation - computation Stretchability scale 0-10 Tuber surface texture - Estimation Record the smoothness or roughness of tuber skin in visual scale tons/ha Small size tubers harvested per plot number - counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing less than 500 gm harvested per effective plot A 1.7 g portion of starch was mixed with 25 g of distilled water in the RVA sample can, after correction for the original moisture contents of the starches Starch breakdown-Estimation Crazy roots CRZROOT Appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface presence Crazy roots presence texture Tuber surface smoothness Tuber Tbrtxtur Tuber surface texture gm/sett number of leaf Prediction of sugar content using NIRS spectra (FOSS 6500) of tuber flour sample NIRS model prediction - computation Quantity of true seed harvested -Counting Record the total number of true seed or botanical seed harvested or obtained per cross or family Vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted number Plant NVP Pounded yam Smoothness YamHdSmot Pounded yam smoothness Absence of lumps bulbil/plant texture Boiled yam Boiled yam texture txtboiledyam The physical attributes of boiled yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Time when 50% of the plants flower in a plot 50% flowering time TIMFL Plant Time to 50% flowering Period duration from planting to 50% sprout emergence Earliness of emergence Sprout Elapsed time between planting date and date of 50% emergence sprouts in a plot Tuber flesh Tuber flesh oxidation Oxidation ratio of flesh Flesh oxidation Sample is touched with fingers or moulded in the hands Texture in the hand stickness method Tuber Tfoxd Tuber flesh oxidation Enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation rate Averaged maximum ground cover over two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Maximum ground cover computed from ground cover dynamic modeled using time to event Beta Growth model. Subplot maximum ground cover from weekly image analysis - Computation Seeds set - Comp Take count of the number of seeds set on each fruits and record the average seeds per fruit Color of the sprout (vine and leaves). SprtCol Sprout color color Sprout Record leaf shape of mature plants in a plot Leaf shape-Estimation Compute the proportion of seedlings per family (cross) establish well and ready for transplanting, usually recorded at five weeks after sowing. Seedling establishment rate-computation Presence of cataphylle Observe the presence or absence of cataphylle Foxdc Tuber Oxidation color Surface color resulting of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation Tuber flesh oxidation color 0-1 binary scale Canopy Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Crop vigor Growth vigor Score corm status of tubers using a binary scale Corm on tubers-Estimation Big size tubers harvested number - counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ?1 kg harvested per effective plot Senescence duration Time between 5 and 95% senescence Senescence duration Canopy Stem Stem diameter Stem diameter of a mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) STMDM diameter Mean number of nodes carrying cataphylles on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Number Plant Number of nodes carrying cataphylles Tuber flesh oxidation intensity-Estimation Score the intensity of tuber flesh oxidation (flesh surface color change) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using scale Record corm size in relation to tuber size using three scale Corm size-Estimation Compute the number of days required to first inflorescence emergence in a plot First inflorescence time - Compuation GDD°C BoilYamHdCrum Crumbness in hand Boiled root Boiled yam crumbness Property of the product to crumble or break between the fingers Granuliness 0-100 Score the sticknes or adhesiveness of pounded yam to consumern fingur using sensory test panelist Stickiness of pounded yam - Estimation Texture in the hand smoothness method Sample is pressed firmly between the fingers Number of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) per plant Number NMTPL Medium tuber Medium size tubers per plant Internode length - computation Measure the length of internode at 1m height on five (5) plants and record the average The vigour of the vine and leaves of the new plant. Plant Vigor vigor Plant PVigor sderat Establishment rate of seedlings Establishment rate Seedling Seedling Establishment rate Weight of small size yam per plant Small tuber Small size tuber weight per plant Weight WSTPL 1-5 scale 1-2 scale Tuber flesh texture-Estimation Record the texture of tuber flesh using scale Big yam tuber average weight-computation Calculated as weight of big size tubers per plot divided by total number of big size tubers per plot Medium size tuber width Medium tuber Average width of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Mtbrwd Length color Tuber flesh The surface whiteness of the yam tuber flesh Whitness of the Flesh colour 1-5 scale Foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required from sprout emergence or planting to when all plants had fully senesced Inflorescence type-Estimation Observe the type of inflorescence and score it Tuber Place of roots on tubers Prtbs Position of appearance of roots at surface of tubers Roots position Compute the proportion tubers with tubers beetle damage from the total number of harvested tubers in the effective plot at harvesting time. Tuber beetle incidence - Computation Emerged sprouts or plants proportion-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of plants/sprouts emerged as the number of emerged plants/sprouts divided by the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted in a plot multiplied by 100 Record the corm type as regular, transversally elongated or brached using scale Corm type-Estimation Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Color difference bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Root knot nematode severity estimation in a range from no symptoms to highly severe galling scored in secondary roots of the plant and tubers adventitious roots. Root knot nematode severity - Estimation hairiness Hairiness of leaf surface Leaf llfhair Leaf hairiness Senescence earliness Growth duration Canopy Time from median emergence to 5% senescence Measure the length from lobes to the tip using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant and at leat five plants on a plot), and record the average length Leaf length - computation Vein color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf vein on the upper surface Dry rot tuber number-counting Take count of dry rot tubers per plot at harvest Score the distance to which the deformed material can be or degree of stretchabiliy pounded yam in intesity scale Springiness of pounded yam-Estimation Flrint flowering intensity Plant Abundance or degree of flowering Flowering intensity Score the smoothnessof the pounded yam , i.e., absence of lumps by finger feeling and using intensity scale Smoothness of pounded yam- Estimation Tuber cracks Tuber Cracks on tuber surface Cracks CTBRS Boiled root BoilYamHdHard Boiled yam hardness Hardness of cutting or breaking Force required to cut/break with fork Record the number of developed fruits or fruit set in pollinated flowers/inflorescence Fruits developed number - Counting germend Time last seed germination occurred Seeds germination end time Seed germination ending time Bitterness after taste 0-100 Observe the optical color or pigementation of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of boiled yam-Estimation Thorn or spine intesity Tuber thorniness intensity Intensity of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber ThornInt 50% flowering time - Estimation Record time (date) 50% plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Ability of the pounded yam to stick together easily without disintegrating or cohesive and being easy to mould. Pounded yam Pounded yam mouldability/cohesiveness Mouldability/cohesiveness YamHdMoul Setts or seed yams planted weight - Computation Measure the weight of N planted tubers (seed yams or setts) and record the average Score the degree of fruit development in scale Fruit development intensity-Estimation number of branch Assess the small or odour the pounded yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the pounded yam to eat Aroma of pounded yam-Estimation kg/plot 0-1 scale Observe and record fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the tail portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color lower or tail portion- Estimation Microscopy (10x) image analysis of iodin colored yam tuber flour (0.5mm) Microscopy image analysis Dry rot presence on harvested tubers-Estimation Observe the occurance or presence of dry rot caused by nematods (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) on harvested tubers and record the presence and absence Height or the length of stem Stmht height Stem height Stem Foliage senescence time - Estimation Record the date when all plants in a plot shows a sign of 100% foliage senescence Seed tuber NTP Tubers planted Number Number of seed tubers planted in a plot or unit area Measure the width of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg )from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of medium size tubers-Computation Yam anthracnose disease severity YADS Anthracnose severity Plant Anthracnose severity caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. The reaction of plants in a plot to anthracnose infestation (blight or leaf spot) under screenhouse or in the field under natural infestation or artificial inoculation Polltyp Pollination type Mode of plant to plant pollen transfer pollination type Flower 1-3 general scale Quanity of sown true (botanical) seeds germinated per cross or family Seed germinated sdgerm Number Seeds germinated Big size yam fresh weight per plant- computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of big size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Txf Tuber flesh Texture of tuber flesh Tuber flesh texture texture number of bulbils Spine Presence of colored spots at the spine base of sprouted shoots (vine) with spines Presence of spot on spine base SPBCOL colored spot Observe the surface of product and evaluate the frequency/number of the black points Appearance method Record the date fruit set in 50% of plants in a plot 50% fruit set time-Estimation Assess the fruit number as fruiting intensity in categorical scale when more than 50% of the plants set fruits Fruit set number - Estimation Nodes carrying cataphylle per plant Browness of the Tuber flesh colour Tuber flesh The surface browness of the yam tuber flesh color RKNSev Root knot nematode severity Root knot severity caused by Meloidogyne spp. Tuber Root knot nematode severity Number of stems (vines) with leaves and branches per plant number Nstem Stems per plant Stem Anthracnose incidence - Estimation Compute the proportion of anthracnose damaged individuals or their parts , commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Count anthracnose disease ?blight? or leaf spot affected plants in plot twice (First inspection at 10 to 12 weeks post planting and second inspection after 2 to 4 weeks before harvesting ) and compute the proportion of damanged Canopy architecture - Estimation Determination of predominant canopy architecture Averaged crop vigor expressed in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover in subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 80% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover of subplot - Computation kg Plant TIMFlrin Flower initiation time Time to flower initiation Time of the first flower initiation on a plant/s in a plot or any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Senescence- Estimation Observe the status of foliage senescence (leaf or vine yellowing) of plants in plot at 6 month onward and rate the maturity status Averaged senescence earliness expressed in days from median emergence to 5% senescence (i.e. 95% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration from median emergence to 5% senescence of subplot - Computation 50% flowering time - Computation Compute the number of days required from 50% of sprouts in plot emerged to 50% of plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Visual assessment of the tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain mature height and spread Plant type-Estimation Record the presence or absence of thorns or spines on the tuber skin in visual scale Tuber thorniness - Estimation Proportion of plants in a plot well established (plantsgrowing with good vigour and without severe constraints) Proportion STRATE Plant Proportion of established plants Leaf beetle damage severity Leaf Severity of leaf beetle damage. Leaf beetle severity Lfbtsev 0-4 scale Small size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Record the weight of small size ( < 500 gm) tubers in a net plot Compute the proportion tubers showing root knot nematode symptoms from the total number of harvested tubers in effective plot Root knot nematode incidence - Computation Tubers (seed yams or setts) planted - Counting Count the number of tubers (seed yams or setts) planted per plot (unit area) Tubtlinc Tuber beetle incidence Incidence of tuber beetle damage. Tuber Tuber beetle incidence fruiting ratio Fruit index is an estimation of pollinated flowers developing physiologically mature fruits Fruit Fruit index Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in cross-section ( from cortex to center) Utfc Tuber cross section color Tuber flesh cross-section color uniformity Record date of 50% plants in a plot are showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Estimation plant per plot Fruit Status of fruit development status FrtDev Fruit development status on monoecious and female flower of dioeciouse yam plant Sex Predominat plant or flower sex Flower Plant sex sex Record appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface at harvest Crazy roots presence on tubers at harvest-Estimation Record time in minutes lasted for cut tuber flesh to become or not oxidized and score in scale Tuber oxidation-Estimation Record the degree of thorns or spines on tuber surface in visual scale Tuber thorniness intensity-Estimation Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot presence Dryrot Yam tuber dry rot presence Tuber Medium size tubers fresh weight per plot -measurement Record the weight of medium size ( ? 500 gm and <1 kg) tubers in a net plot Leaf Width Leaf lfwdt width Width of leaf establishment rate Proportion of vine cuttings established well that producing shoots Plant Vine cutting establishment rate Vestrat Measure the length or height of stem or vine of at least five mature plants in a plot using measuring tape at five to six months after sprout emergence and record the average Stem height - computation Medium size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of medium size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of medium size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Tuber Tbrappr Tuber surface look in relation to presence or absence of roots, thorns and sprouted buds on the tuber surface Appearance Tuber appearance 0-9 scale StickPndedYam The degree to which the pounded yam is adhesive or stick to the fingure, mouth surface and teeth Stickiness Pounded yam Stickiness of pounded yam Compute the number of days required for 50% of the plants in a plot showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Computation Brownness scale 0-100 Count the number of branches above ground on at least five mature plants in a plot and record the average Number of branchs - computation Tuber number/plot 1-5 general scale Texture of boiled yam-Estimation Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when boiled yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Fruit per cross Fruit developed number Nfrts Quantity of developed fruits per crosses Number Nodes carrying cataphylles - Counting Compute the average of the number of nodes carrying cataphylles on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly 1-5 scale Determination of predominant size of the tuber in the entire family Tuber size - Estimation Aroma of boiled yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the boiled yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the boiled yam to eat Presence Heterophylly presence Presence of cataphylles during early stage Plant Tuber flesh uniformity Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in longitudinal section Tuber flesh color Starch grain size yam flour Size Mean starch grain size of yam tuber flour Appearance of boiled yam-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Pollination type-Estimation Record the method used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same or different plant of the same species Big size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Record the weight of big size ( ?1 kg) tubers in a net plot Big size yam yield adjusted-computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per per plant mutiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Tuber flesh color Tuber flesh color The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh brown index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the brown index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Observe the arrangement of leaves on stem or vine and rate it Leaf position - Estimation rvt Observe the presence or absence of hairs on stem surface Hair on stem - Estimation Boiled root Basic light sugary taste like a little glucose or sucrose in water solution BoilYamSweet Boiled yam sweetness Sweetness A tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread Plant type growth habit Plntype Plant lveincol Leaf vein color Vein color Color or pigmentation of leaf vein Boiled root surface BoilYamBlackspo Boiled yam surface black points presence Black points presence Refers to the presence of small black points on the surface of product Compute average of the number of stems (vines) per established plants in a plot Number of stems per plant-computation Tuber dry matter content - Computation Select at least five random whole tubers from a net plot and cut small slices (1-2 mm) from proximal, middle and distal portion and mixed thoroughly. Record fresh weight and determin dry weight of samples by drying at 70∞C for 72 h in a forced air oven. A proportion between the dry weight and the fresh weight is calculated. Yam odour scale 0-100 color Tuber flesh Yellowness of the Flesh colour The surface yellowness of the yam tuber flesh 0-1 scale Proportion Fruit set Intensity or proportion of fruit set or development under open or controlled pollination. NFrtSet Fruit set number Inflorescence Quantity of Female spikes where flowers has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent number NPollSpk Pollinated spikes number Dormancy period -Estimation Assess the proportion of sprouted tubers at different time interval (once a week) from harvesting up to three months after harvesting and rate the dormancy period in scale Secondary sprouting SecSP Emergence of secondary sprouts on a plant Sprout Secondary sprouting Tuber flesh color computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the average of the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Count the number of pollinated florets per female parent per cross Floret pollinated number - Counting Tuber beetle severity Severity of tuber beetle damage. Tubtlsev Tuber beetle severity Tuber Tuber yield no adjusted- Computation Computed as total tuber weight per plot divided by size of net or effective harvest plot and result multiplied by 10 Sweetness 0-100 Big size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of big size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of big size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Tuber dry rot incidence - Computation Compute the proportion dry rot tubers from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot Record the fresh weight of harvested bulbil or aerial tuber per net plot Bulbil yield (Plot weight) - Measurement Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Number Tuber Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dryrot Bulbil shape-Estimation Record shape of bulbils or aerial tubers in scale Distance to which the deformed material can be sretchable sprgpdym Springiness Springiness of pounded yam Pounded yam Record date when plant/s having the first inflorescence in a plot First inflorescence time - Estimation Seed index Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing seeds Canopy Canopy architecture Organisation or structural arrangements of branchs and leaves distribution giving a specific shape to the above ground part of the plant Canarc architecture Germination rate - Computation Compute the proportion of sown true or botanical seed which germinate and produce seedling ready for transplant , usually observed at three weeks after sowing. Count the number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils produced per net plot. Number of bulbil - Counting number of fruit TubDMC Tuber Tuber dry matter content Proportion of dry matter in the tuber. Dry matter content Observe and record the fresh cut flesh surface color at the middle part of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color middle portion - Estimation Crumbness scale 0-100 Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ? 500 gm and <1 kg harvested per effective plot Medium size tubers harvested number- counting Scale insect infestation on tubers at harvest Scale insect infestation Scalisec scale insect infestation Tuber Time between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Canopy Growth cycle length Growth cycle length Cracks on the tuber surface-Estimation Record appearance of cracks on tuber surface as absent, few and many Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by yam anthracnose disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected.It is visual score in scale under screenhouse, artificial inoculation or under field natural infestation. For artificial inoculation use a suspension of three most virulent strains of Colletothrichum gloeosporioides and inoculate the plants raised from vine cutting in vertical sack or other means by spraying. For natural infestation, scores can be taken 10 to 12 weeks after planting and second scoring about 4-6 weeks before harvesting . Artificial inoculation should be scored at 3 days after inoculation(DAI) , and repeated at 7DAI, 11DAI and 15DAI Anthracnose severity - Estimation 1-9 scale Boiled root BoilYamHdFibr Boiled yam fibrousness Fibrousness in hand Refers to the presence of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Twining habit-Estimation Record the tendency of vine to twine or climb Tuber flesh color head portion - Estimation Observe and record the fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the head portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Total tuber harvested number-computation Compute the sum of all category/size tubers (big, medium, small and rotten/diseased) in a net plot Whiteness scale 0-100 Ratio between subplot ground cover area and its respective convex hull area - Computation Averaged crop cover compactness over two subplots images around time of 50% of maximum ground cover. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 50% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Images choosen as near as possible of date of time at 50% of maximum growth . Compactness computed as the ration between ground cover area (pixels) and its respective convex hull area (pixels). Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per plant-computation Compute the weight to harvested bulbils per plant Measure the width of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of small size tubers-Computation Fruits/cross 0-4 general scale Times to first sprout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date first sprout or plant in a plot or unit area emerged Observe and score scale insect infestation on tuber at harvest Scale insect infestation - Estimation Black spots presence scale 0-100 Fibrousness scale 0-100 Computed the yield of bulbil per hectare using the formula. Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per hectar- Computation 0-2 scale