0 no thorns or spines on tuber surface IITA Fruits harvested per cross counting Matfrt A. Lopez-Montes Txt_PY IITA A.mele Pounded yam texture estimation 1-3 scale IITA Bulbil presence estimation 0&1 A. Lopez-Montes AeTuber A. Lopez-Montes AetbrYld Bulbil yield estimation in t/ha IITA S_Brs A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber dry rot severity estimation 0-4 IITA Time to first leaf emergence computation A.Amele IITA A.Amele MatC Senescence class estimation 1-9 IITA Weight of small tuber per plant computation kgplant A.Amele IITA Flcolr_tail A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color lower portion estimation 1-9 1 White Sweet 100 First sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA Emerdt 1 Few 1 Spherical DAEGR A.Amele IITA End of seeds germination time estiamtion in yy/mm/dd Total tubers per plant computation A.Amele IITA Flcolr_middle Tuber flesh color middle portion estimation 1-9 A. Lopez-Montes IITA IITA Internode length measurement in cm A.Amele A.Amele IITA Number of internodes to first branching computation/plot oxidizes between 1 and 2 minure after cutting 2 Cirad D.Cornet Number of nodes carrying cataphylles before first true leaf counting/plant Many 2 Flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele DtFFlr A.Amele IITA Secondary sprouting estimation nominal 0&1 SECSP Profuse (plant producing many more flowers mostly 30 to 50 inflorescences per plant) 7 Fruit harvest time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA A.Amele IITA Flesh oxidation color estimation 1-4 A. Lopez-Montes Thorn IITA Tuber thorniness estimation 0&1 IITA Total tubers per plot computation A.Amele like 4 A.Amele Stbrwt IITA Weight of small tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA Emerged plants counting/plot A.Amele Appearance_PY IITA A.mele Pounded yam appearance estimation 1-3 scale A.Amele First inflorescence initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Purplish white 5 flrsex A.Amele Plant sex estimation 0-4 plntsex IITA 4 like Tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha A.Amele IITA Boiled yam bitterness 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Leaf length measurement in cm IITA A.Amele Pale green 2 A.Amele IITA frtform Fruit setting estimation 0&1 Leaf position estiamtion 1-3 A.Amele IITA NRDT A.Amele IITA Rotten tubers per plot counting number IITA Mealybug severity estimation in 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes M_Bs IITA Medium tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA SETW Weight of planted tubers computation/ gm A. Lopez-Montes 3 Late (75% of the plants in a plot with still green foliage but few plants (upto 25% plants in a plot) showing up to 25% of leaves senescence IITA A.Amele Total tuber weight per plant computation in kg FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam stickness scale 0-100 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam mouldability scale 0-10 YamMoul_Meas_0to10 Big tuber width computation in cm IITA A.Amele Btbrwidth A. Lopez-Montes Canopy Canopy architecture estimation 1-4 IITA A.Amele Fruit index computation 0 to 1 IITA A.Amele IITA Fiber estimation 1-2 IITA A.Amele Medium size tuber length computation in cm Number of leaves per plant count IITA A.Amele IITA A.Amele Total tuber weight per plot computation in kg A. Lopez-Montes IITA Appearance of tuber surface estimation 1-4 Tuber shape estimation 1-4 A. Lopez-Montes TUBSHA IITA Boiled yam whiteness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Crop cover compactness computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele Leaf width measurement in cm IITA A.Amele MTWPL IITA Weight of big tubers per plant measurement in kg A.Amele Pollination type estimation 1-4 IITA Pollmech A.Amele IITA Small size tuber length computation in cm IITA Mealybug incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes M_Bi Fruit set number estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes FRTINT IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam odour scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi A. Lopez-Montes FLRI IITA Flowering intensity estimation 0-9 Sprout hairiness estimation nominal 0&2 A.Amele IITA Boiled yam hardness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi A.Amele IITA Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation estimation 0-3 like extremely 5 100 Bitter A. Lopez-Montes S_Bri Tuber dry rot incidence computation in % IITA IITA Root knot nematode severity estimation in 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes R_kns Cirad D.Cornet Senescence earliness computation in days from median emergence to 5% senescence Duration of heterophyllic period computation in days after planting Cirad D.Cornet IITA A.mele Color_BY Boiled yam color estimation 1-5 scale Big tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA A.Amele IITA Weight medium tubers per plot measurement in kg Mtbrwt 0 Absent Tuber flesh color computation Cirad D.Cornet Petiole length measurement in cm A.Amele IITA IITA Crossing date esimation in yy/mm/dd Polldate A.Amele Tuber beetle severity estimation in 1-5 Tbets A. Lopez-Montes IITA 0 Not streachable A.Amele IITA Seedling survival rate percentage no oxidization 0 3 soft or smooth A.Amele Young leaf color estimation 1-5 IITA A.Amele Female flowering intensity per spike estimation 1-4 IITA fflrab TBR_Hairy A. Lopez-Montes Hairiness of tuber estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele Upper surface vein color estimation 1-4 IITA IITA Medium tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Mtbrwidth Shape of bulbil estimation 1-4 Aetbrshap A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes Foliage senescence time computation in days IITA DAYHS True seeds harvested/cross counting A.Amele Botseed IITA A.Amele 50% sprout emergence time computation in days IITA DyFemer Tuber flesh yellowness computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Average tuber weight computation in kg IITA DtFlrin Flower initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd A. Lopez-Montes IITA VRSI Virus incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes A. Lopez-Montes Seeds set/fruit computation IITA SPRTL Sprout length measurement in cm A.Amele IITA TUBSIZE IITA Tuber size estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes Weight of big tubers per plot measurement in kg A.Amele IITA Btbrwt IITA Tuber flesh color upper portion estimation 1-9 Flcolr_head A. Lopez-Montes pounded yam color estimation 1-5 scale A.mele IITA Color_PY Heterophylly presence estimation nominal 0&1 Cirad D.Cornet 0 Big lumps No flower or bud. No inflorescence and not flowering at all 0 Neutral 3 IITA A.Amele Spines on stem estimation 0-2 A.Amele Fruit development status estimation 1-2 IITA Brown 100 A.Amele Dayaetbrin IITA Times to bulbil initiation computation IITA Stem hairiness estimation 0-2 A.Amele 1 Smooth A. Lopez-Montes R_Kni Root knot nematode incidence computation % IITA virus severity estimation in 1-5 VRSS IITA A. Lopez-Montes A.Amele Lower surface vein color estimation 1-4 IITA IITA Small tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Stbrwidth IITA Lower surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 A.Amele A.Amele IITA Cormtype Corm type estimation 1-3 Boiled yam brownness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi A.Amele Big tuber average weight computation in kg IITA Tuber flesh color gradient computation Cirad D.Cornet 2 female flower Estbp-ratio A.Amele Field establishment rate compuation in % IITA A.Amele IITA Root position estimation 1-4 Difficult to cut 100 Pounded yam hardness scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamHar_Meas_0to10 Granular 100 Presence of tuber dry rot estimation in 0&1 A.Amele IITA IITA End of flowering time computation in days A. Lopez-Montes Dayendflr IITA Corm size estimation 1-3 Cormsize A.Amele stnp Stems per plant computation per plant A. Lopez-Montes IITA Off white 0 Purple 4 A.Amele IITA Stem height measurement in m 2 dislike A.Amele IITA AetbrwtPl Bulbil yield per plant measurement in kg Tuber flour protein content computation Cirad D.Cornet IITA A.mele Appearance_BY Boiled yam appearance estimation 1-5 scale Earliness of emergence computation in number of days from planting to 50% sprouts emergence Cirad D.Cornet Yellowish 1 Pounded yam stickness scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo YamStic_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria Absent 0 IITA TDMC Dry matter content percentage A. Lopez-Montes Cirad D.Cornet Tuber color uniformity computation A.Amele Big tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha IITA Senescence period duration computation in days between 5 and 95% senescence Cirad D.Cornet IITA DAFGR Seeds germination start time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele Pounded yam stretchability scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamStr_Meas_0to10 IITA Seed index computation 0 to 1 A.Amele IITA Maturity time estimation GGD A.Amele Number of branches per plant count IITA A.Amele IITA Sprout color estimation 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes SPCOLO A.Amele Corm estimation binary 0&1 IITA Latency period duration computation in number of days from planting to 5% sprouts emergence Cirad D.Cornet Cylindrical 3 highly irregular 5 A.Amele IITA Tuber flesh texture estimation 1-3 PLNV A. Lopez-Montes Plant vigor estimation 1-3 IITA A. Lopez-Montes FrtN IITA Fruits developed per cross counting A. Lopez-Montes Dayflrin Fower initiation time computation in days IITA No_stdh IITA Plant stand harvested count A. Lopez-Montes Oval 2 IITA A.mele pounded yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Aroma_PY A.Amele Tuber oxidation estimation 1-3 IITA Oxid 2 Few anthracnose spots or sysmptoms on 1 t0 ~25% of the plant. One or two spots of less than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface 9 very early (The plants are completely senescent, yellowing is complete and uniform (both leaves and vines 100% senescence) sder A. Lopez-Montes IITA Seedling establishment rate percentage Tubers planted counting/plot A.Amele IITA Sett-N Dark green 3 IITA NPOLS Pollinated spikes counting A. Lopez-Montes IITA Smoothness estimation 1-3 A.Amele FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam fibrousness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam chewingness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin 100 Present 1 oxidizes less than a minure A.Amele IITA Inflorescence type estimation IITA Mature leaf color estimation 1-5 A.Amele Seeds germinated counting A.Amele IITA 50% sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA DtFemer A.Amele 5 Purple Growth cycle length computation in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Cirad D.Cornet Monoecious female(f>m) 4 0 Absent IITA Fruit maturity time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele Strepdym IITA A.Amele Springness estimation 1-2 IITA Big tubers per plant computation A.Amele IITA A.Amele Stem color estimatiion 1-5 Cirad D.Cornet Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation computation Not crumby 0 A. Lopez-Montes Big tuber yield computation in t/ha IITA A.Amele Cohesiveness estimation 1-3 IITA Boiled yam black spots presence scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi IITA A. Lopez-Montes Bulbil initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd Aetbrin intermediate 2 A. Lopez-Montes Tuber surface texture estimation 1-2 IITA Boiled yam bitter after taste 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi 100 Crumby 3 51-75% tuber skin showing symptoms IITA Scale insect infestation estimation 0-2 A.Amele 0 Difficult Fibers 100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam granuleness 0-100 Laurent Adinsi 1 aborted flower. Presence of small or rudimentary inflorescences/flowers that can show an abortion or abscission point at joint of the pedicel A.Amele IITA Upper surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 Small tubers per plant compuatation A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA Weight of rotten/diseased tubers per plot measurement in kg Rot_Wt Spines on sprout presence estimation nominal 0&1 IITA A.Amele IITA Vine cutting establishment rate percentage A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes Pollinated florets counting IITA A. Lopez-Montes Aetbrp IITA Bulbils per plot count Time to 50% foliage senescence estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA DATS A.Amele No purple 0 0 Abesnt 9 Brown IITA Fruit setting time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele A.mele Aroma_BY IITA Boiled yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Sticky 100 Average tuber width computation in cm A.Amele IITA tbrwidth A.Amele Established plants counting/plot IITA Estbp-N Tbeti IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber beetle incidence computation % Extremely pofuse (plant producing with abundant flowring mostly more than 50 inflorescences per plant) 9 IITA Stickiness estimation 1-3 Con_Stick_PY A. Lopez-Montes like extremely 5 Txt_BY IITA Boiled yam texture estimation 1-5 scale A.mele A.Amele Medium tubers per plant computation IITA Symptom on >51% of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue and covering a signifcant proprotion of the leaf surface. Areas with less than 1 cm width are coalescing to bigger spots also. Yellowing of green tissue is intense around the spots areas. 4 Tuber flesh brownness computation Cirad D.Cornet Vine cuttings planted count IITA A.Amele Con_Taste_PY IITA A. Lopez-Montes Taste estimation 1-5 100 Present A.Amele First leaf emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA IITA Leaf density estimation 1-7 A.Amele 3 Yellow IITA DateHS Foliage senescence time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele Flowering time computation in days A.Amele IITA DF Yam ontology Very sticky 10 moderately attractive 2 A. Lopez-Montes Tuber dormancy period estimation Dorm IITA TBRL Average tuber length measurement in cm A.Amele IITA very attractive 3 1 White A.Amele IITA Crazy roots presence estimation 0&1 3 Grey A. Lopez-Montes IITA DtendFlr End of flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam crumbness scale 0-100 0 No 5 Moderate (producing some flowers mostly 10-29 inflorescences per plant) A.Amele Stem diameter computation in mm stemdim IITA 0 Not sticky Absent 0 fruit set number percentage IITA A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flour sugar content computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele INODL IITA Internode length computation in cm A. Amele Twining direction estimation 1-2 IITA Leaf beetle damage severity estimation in 1-5 IITA Btl_S A. Lopez-Montes Emergence vigor computation in number of days between 5% and 95% sprouts emergence Cirad D.Cornet Leaf shape estimation 1-7 IITA A.Amele 1 Very Late (all the plants in a plot still show green foliage (green leaf and vine) Weight of medium tubers per plant computation kgplt A.Amele IITA Bulbils per plant computation A.Amele IITA Aetbrpl 4 76-100% tuber skin showing symptoms Low 0 D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flour starch content computation 1 1-25% tuber skin showing symptoms 5 very sweet IITA A.mele Taste_BY Boiled yam taste estimation 1-5 scale like extremely 5 like 4 D.Cornet Cirad Maximum ground cover computation in % IITA First sprout emergence time computation in days Emerday A.Amele 1 Rough absence 0 DFM A.Amele IITA Times to fruit maturity computation in days A.Amele IITA Tuber thorniness intensity estimation 0-7 dislikeextremely 1 5 like extremely A.Amele TubYld Total tuber yield computation in t/ha IITA Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh whiteness computation 3 Thorny (small prominences ending in a small thorn) 10 Very hard yam starch breakdown RVT IITA A.Amele 7 early (The plants have senescent foliage (75% of the plants in a plot with 50% leaves showing sign of yellowing but the vines still green) Big tuber length computation in cm A.Amele IITA 0 Easy to cut flcol_uni A.Amele Uniformity of tuber flesh color estimation binary 0&1 IITA A.Amele, A. Lopez-Mentes Proportion of emerged plants (sprouts) computation/% Ratiosp IITA YamSmot_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam smoothness scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria entity Yellow 7 Time to 50% foliage senescence computation in days IITA DM A.Amele Non sticky 0 sweet 4 IITA First inflorescence initiation time computation A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes IITA GR Seed germination rate percentage Not mooldable 0 1 Present 6 creamy dislikeextremely 1 A.Amele Spine base color estimation nominal 0&1 IITA Number of dry rot tubers count A.Amele IITA YamCol_Meas_1to9 Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam colour scale 1-9 Bowen University, Nigeria Leaf beetle damage incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes Btl_I IITA Boiled yam sweetness 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease incidence computation % IITA AnthracInc Absent 0 brownish white 7 Boiled yam purpleness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi IITA Tuber flesh color measurement Tbrflcolr A.Amele Yes 1 1 strong or hard or lumpy 7 High like 4 No symptoms 0 8 Light brown A.Amele IITA cormsep Separability of corm estimation binary 0&1 Irregular 4 Purple 100 Not sticky 3 2 26-50% tuber skin showing symptoms Starch grain size computation Cirad D.Cornet Neither like nor dislike 3 not attractive 1 D.Cornet Crop vigor computation in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Cirad Many thorns or spines on tuber surface 7 5 Medium mouldability 9 orange A.Amele Small tubers per plot counting number IITA 3 few thorns or spines on tuber surface Pure white 100 1 dislikeextremely Twining habit estimation 0-1 A.Amele IITA TWNH slighty irregular 3 Cream 5 Absence of lumps 10 GH A.Amele Plant type estimation 1-3 IITA IITA A.Amele Leaf apex shape estimation 1-3 2 dislike IITA Aetubwtp Bulbil weight per plot measurement in kg A.Amele A.Amele Seeds sown/family counting IITA Long (More than 50% of the tubers sprouted at three month after harvesting time) 4 acronym No fibers 0 Hairy (few scattered or many roots in the surface of the tuber) 2 No brown 0 Medium stickiness 5 oxidizes more than 3 minutes 3 Intermediate 5 6 Light yellow Rough 2 2 slightly sticky Monoecious male (m>f) 3 Anthracnose symptoms covering ~26 t0 ~50% of the plant. One or two spots of more than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface. Small dark and no dried spots with more than 1 cm width, are present 3 4 Purplish green dislike 2 slightly oxidizing 1 100 High Neither like nor dislike 3 Medium (50% of the plants are still green or on the onset of senescence. Only 50% plants in a plot with 25% of the leaves showing senescence or slight yellowing 5 Creamy white 2 Light grey 4 A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease severity estimation in 1-5 AnthracSev IITA Very stretchable 10 1 presence 10 Mouldable regular 1 0 Not granular sticky 1 A.Amele Tuber surface crack estimation 0-3 IITA 0 Very soft deep purple 8 Male flower 1 3 highly oxidizing Easy 100 Low 3 1 No visible symptoms of anthracnose disease or infection spot on the leaf surface Medium stretchability 5 Low (flowering is scare with the presence of few flowers mostly less than 10 inflorescences per plant) 3 Fully smooth 4 attribute 5 Severe necrosis and death of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue more than 1.5 cm of diameter and covering a great proprotion of the leaf surface. Yellowing of the gree tissue is generalised in the leaf blade. 0 Non flowering 1 very bitter Off-white 2 Neither like nor dislike 3 2 Slightly bitter Leaf shape-Estimation Record leaf shape of mature plants in a plot Record the flesh enzymatic oxidation color using color scale Tuber flesh oxidation color-Estimation Root knot nematode damage incidence RKNInc Root knot incidence caused by Meloidogyne spp. Tuber Root knot nematode incidence Number Number of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) per plant Medium size tubers per plant NMTPL Medium tuber Dry matter content Proportion of dry matter in the tuber. Tuber dry matter content Tuber TubDMC Smoothnessof the material, i.e., absence of lumps smthpdym Smoothness of pounded yam Smoothness Pounded yam Measure the length of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of big size tubers-Computation Small size tubers per plant-Computation Compute the number of small size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of small size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Period duration from first to last sprouts emergence Emergence vigor Sprout Elapsed time between time of 5th and 95th percentiles emergence sprouts in a plot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dryrot Tuber Dry rot incidence Yam tuber dry rot incidence Pollinated florets number Quantity of Female Flowers which has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent number NpollF Inflorescence Number of bulbil - Counting Count the number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils produced per net plot. 1-9 scale Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Appearance of boiled yam-Estimation Compute the brown index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh brown index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Tuber Regularity of tuber shape Shape regularity Tuber shape regularity Texture in the hand hardness method Sample is pressed with the index finger Yam anthracnose disease severity Anthracnose severity caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. The reaction of plants in a plot to anthracnose infestation (blight or leaf spot) under screenhouse or in the field under natural infestation or artificial inoculation YADS Anthracnose severity Plant bulbil/plant Small size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Record the weight of small size ( < 500 gm) tubers in a net plot Small tuber Average length of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small size tuber length Stbrleng Length Leaf position - Estimation Observe the arrangement of leaves on stem or vine and rate it Record the number of harvested fruits per cross Fruits harvested number - Counting Boiled yam Tastebldyam taste Boiled yam taste Taste of boiled yam when eaten without any additional complementary food The leaf surface color or pigmentation color Leaf color Leaf mlfcol number of seed GDD°C Tuber flesh The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color color Foliage senescence or maturity class Senescence SE Plant Maturity class Stem height Stem height Height or the length of stem Stmht Viruses infection severity - Estimation Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by virus disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected using visual five ordinal scale . Predominant severity per plot must be registered at least thrice : 8 to 10 weeks after planting, 4 to 6 weeks after first scoring and the last scoring at 4 to 6 weeks after the second scoring Big tuber AWBT Weight Average weight of big size tubers in kg Average weigth of big size tuber rvt Record date of first spout emergence in a plot Time first sprout emergence-Estimation Foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required from sprout emergence or planting to when all plants had fully senesced NVP number Vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted Plant Measure the flesh surface color of tuber (head, middle and tail portion) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using colorimeter (a color spectrophotometer) or standard color chart. Tuber flesh color reading -measurement Field establishment-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of well-established plants in a plot from the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted Total tubers per plant-computation Compute as the total number of tubers in a net plot divided by the number of harvested plant per net plot Leaf color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf on a young plant Setts or seed yams planted weight - Computation Measure the weight of N planted tubers (seed yams or setts) and record the average Germination rate - Computation Compute the proportion of sown true or botanical seed which germinate and produce seedling ready for transplant , usually observed at three weeks after sowing. Flowering intensity - Estimation Record the abundance or intesity of flowering when more than 50% of the plants are flowered in a plot True seeds harvested Tsdh Number of true seed harvested or obained per cross or family Number True seed gm/sett This is when the pounded yam sticks or adhere to the fingers when it is touched with fingers or during moulding into bolus for swallowing. Stickiness Pounded yam YamHdStic Pounded yam stickiness Small size tubers per plot NSTP Number Number of small size tubers that weighing <0.5kg in a net plot or unit area Small tuber Record emergence of new secondary sprouts from the planted seed tuber/sett in a plot at three months after planting Secondary sprouting - estimation cm Predominant shape of the bulbils Aerial tuber Shape Bulbil shape Bulbsp tons/ha Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when pouned yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture of pounded yam-Estimation sdgerm Seed germinated Seeds germinated Quanity of sown true (botanical) seeds germinated per cross or family Number Leaf Leaf density Lfden density Variation in leaf mass of the plant Compute the number of big size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of big size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Big size tubers per plant-computation The breakdown of yam starch extracted from fresh tubers were determined using a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA-TecMaster, Perten Instruments, Australia) Tuber Yam starch breakdown starch starchbrk Leaf Nlfyp Number The number of leaves on a plant Number of leaves Calculated as total tuber weight per plot divided by total number of tubers per plot Average tuber weight -computation Plant TIMfsen Senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Foliage senescence time Bulbil initiaition time - Estimation Record date when 50% of plants in a plot begin producing bulbils or aerial tubers Position of root appearance on tubers-Estimation Record position of appearance of roots at surface to tubers Tuber surface smoothness Tbrtxtur texture Tuber surface texture Tuber Big size tubers harvested number - counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ?1 kg harvested per effective plot SPBCOL Presence of colored spots at the spine base of sprouted shoots (vine) with spines Spine colored spot Presence of spot on spine base Elapsed time between planting date and date of 5th percentile emergence sprouts in a plot Sprout Period duration from planting to first sprouts emergence Latency before emergence Fibrousness scale 0-100 Observe the optical color or pigementation of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of boiled yam-Estimation Cohesiveness of pounded yam Cohesiveness cohpdym Degree to which particles of a sample stick together or how moldable it is Pounded yam 0-3 scale Place of roots on tubers Tuber Position of appearance of roots at surface of tubers Prtbs Roots position Leaf Leaf Width lfwdt Width of leaf width Taste method After swallowing, observe the feeling or sensation of the bitter taste on the tongue and assess its intensity yam flour Tuber flour protein content Tuber flour protein content content Appearance method Observe the surface of product and evaluate the frequency/number of the black points Boiled yam granuleness Boiled root Granuliness in mouth BoilYamMthGran Refers to the presence of small grains during chewing Record existance of hairs on a sprout (vine) Hairiness of sprout - Estimation Microscopy (10x) image analysis of iodin colored yam tuber flour (0.5mm) Microscopy image analysis Medium tuber Mtbrleng Medium size tuber length Length Average length of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of small size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Proportion of vine cuttings established well that producing shoots Vine cutting establishment rate Plant Vestrat establishment rate Big size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Record the weight of big size ( ?1 kg) tubers in a net plot Intensity of thorns on the tuber surface Thorn or spine intesity ThornInt Tuber Tuber thorniness intensity Size Starch grain size Mean starch grain size of yam tuber flour yam flour Record the tendency of vine to twine or climb Twining habit-Estimation Visual assessment of the tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain mature height and spread Plant type-Estimation Appearance of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of pouned yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Flower initaition time - Computation Computing the number of days required from first sprout emergence to first flower initiation Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required for 50% of the plants in a plot showing foliage senescence number of florets Corm size-Estimation Record corm size in relation to tuber size using three scale Date (yyyymmdd) Take count of the number of seeds set on each fruits and record the average seeds per fruit Seeds set - Comp Spines on stem density density Spine SPNAB Intensity of spines on stem (vine) above base of mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when boiled yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture of boiled yam-Estimation Duration from median emergence to 5% senescence of subplot - Computation Averaged senescence earliness expressed in days from median emergence to 5% senescence (i.e. 95% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Dormancy period Tuber dormancy period TubDorm Tuber dormancy period Tuber Compute average number of internodes to first branching of at least five plants internode counts taken in a plot Number of internode-computation Average length of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Tuber length Tbrleng Tuber Length Presence of bulbil Presence of bulbils or aerial tubers in the nodes of the vines Bulbil Aerial tuber Bulbil presence The surface color of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color Tuber flesh color Tbrfclr Fruit per cross FrtHvstN Number Number of harvested fruits per cross after physiological maturity Fruits harvested number Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Yam tuber dry rot severity Dry rot severity Dryrot 0-1 scale Fruit development status on monoecious and female flower of dioeciouse yam plant FrtDev status Fruit Status of fruit development YamHdMoul Pounded yam Pounded yam mouldability/cohesiveness Mouldability/cohesiveness Ability of the pounded yam to stick together easily without disintegrating or cohesive and being easy to mould. Record date the last seed germination observed per cross or family Date end of seed germination-Estimation Smoothness of pounded yam- Estimation Score the smoothnessof the pounded yam , i.e., absence of lumps by finger feeling and using intensity scale Take count of dry rot tubers per plot at harvest Dry rot tuber number-counting Weight of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Bulbwtp Weight Bulbil weight Aerial tuber Bitterness 0-100 Inflorescence type-Estimation Observe the type of inflorescence and score it Fruit maturity time - Computation Compute the number of days required from fruit set to fruit phyisological maturity hairiness Presence of secondary roots on the tuber bark Tuber hairiness RTBS Tuber Assess hairiness of leaf surface (lower part) Leaf hairiness - Estimation Plant Time of the first flower initiation on a plant/s in a plot or any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Flower initiation time Time to flower initiation TIMFlrin Plntype growth habit Plant Plant type A tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread Inft Inflorescence type type The arrangement of flowers on stem or twig of a plant Inflorescence Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per hectar- Computation Computed the yield of bulbil per hectare using the formula. Leaf hairiness llfhair Leaf hairiness Hairiness of leaf surface 1-5 scale Stem color The surface color of stem Stem color Stmcol Averaged crop cover compactness over two subplots images around time of 50% of maximum ground cover. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 50% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Images choosen as near as possible of date of time at 50% of maximum growth . Compactness computed as the ration between ground cover area (pixels) and its respective convex hull area (pixels). Ratio between subplot ground cover area and its respective convex hull area - Computation Hairiness of tuber bark - Estimation Record the intensity of tuber hairs or secondary roots on the surface of harvested tubers Crop cover compactness Canopy Crop folliage compactness Architecture VirusInc Virus incidence Reaction of the total plants per plot to the virus infection, producing yellow mottle, mosaic and leaves deformation Virus incidence Plant Width of big size tubers-Computation Measure the width of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using vernier calliper or measuring tape and record the average Tuber flesh The surface yellowness of the yam tuber flesh color Yellowness of the Flesh colour length Stem internode Internode length Internode length Intndlngth Tuber surface texture - Estimation Record the smoothness or roughness of tuber skin in visual scale SecSP Sprout Emergence of secondary sprouts on a plant Secondary sprouting Secondary sprouting Shape of tuber - computation Measure the length and width of tuber using measuring tape and record the length /with ratio Colour scale 1-9 Plant Mean duration between fisrt emergence and first true leaf apprearance on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Duration from emergence to first true leaf Heterophylly duration Hardness scale 0-100 1-3 scale BoilYamMthChew Boiled root Boiled yam easiness to chew Property related to the number of chews necessary to swallow the product Ease of chewing Scalisec Scale insect infestation scale insect infestation Tuber Scale insect infestation on tubers at harvest Yam tuber dry rot incidence Number Dryrot Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Tuber Quantity of true seed harvested -Counting Record the total number of true seed or botanical seed harvested or obtained per cross or family Starch breakdown-Estimation A 1.7 g portion of starch was mixed with 25 g of distilled water in the RVA sample can, after correction for the original moisture contents of the starches 0-9 scale Fruit index Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing mature fruits Score the intensity of tuber flesh oxidation (flesh surface color change) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using scale Tuber flesh oxidation intensity-Estimation Select at least five random whole tubers from a net plot and cut small slices (1-2 mm) from proximal, middle and distal portion and mixed thoroughly. Record fresh weight and determin dry weight of samples by drying at 70∞C for 72 h in a forced air oven. A proportion between the dry weight and the fresh weight is calculated. Tuber dry matter content - Computation Length of medium size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg ) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Tuber thorniness intensity-Estimation Record the degree of thorns or spines on tuber surface in visual scale YADI Yam anthracnose disease incidence Anthracnose incidence caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. % of anthracnose ?blight? or leaf spotaffected plants in a plot Anthracnose incidence Plant Stem color - Estimation Record the predominant color of stem on mature plant at five to six month after emergence using a five color scale Tuber TNTP Total tubers per plot Number of total (all size) tubers in a net plot or unit area Number Fruit set number NFrtSet Fruit set Intensity or proportion of fruit set or development under open or controlled pollination. Proportion days Seeds germination start time Time the first seed germination occurred Seed germstart germination starting time Determination of the predominant shape in the entire family/plot as a unit Tuber shape - Estimation Ability to set or form fruts-Estimation Observe fruit setting or formation of female flowers of monoeciouse and dieciouse plants and rate the ability set for form fruits Tuber flesh cross-section color uniformity Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in cross-section ( from cortex to center) Utfc color Tuber cross section Bulbil initiation time - Computation Compute number of days required from sprout emergence to 50% of plants in a plot start forming bulbils or aerial tubers Small tuber Weight of small size tubers ( <0.5kg ) in a net plot or unit area Small size tubers weight per plot STW Weight Rotten Tuber Weight RDTW Rotten tuber weight Weight of rotten/diseased tubers Cirad Appearance method Visually inspect sample surface Tuber shape quantitative computation G.Arnau 1-3 scale Purple colour tending to pink after cooking Purpleness Boiled yam purpleness Boiled root surface BoilYamPurp pollination type Pollination type Polltyp Mode of plant to plant pollen transfer Flower 1-4 scale Stem diameter of a mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) diameter Stem diameter STMDM Stem kg/plant Boiled yam bitterness Boiled root BoilYamBitt Bitterness Basic bitter taste like small quantity of quinine or caffeine in water Time to 50% foliage senescence Time when 50% of the plants in a plot are showing signs of foliage senescence 50% Senescence time TIMsen Plant Stickness scale 0-100 MbugSev Tuber Mealybug tuber infestation severity Severity of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation severity Tuber Total tuber yield adjusted Total tuber yield adjusted tons per hectare TTYA yield End of flowering time or when a plant does not produce new flower in a plot end of flowering time Time to end of flowering Plant TIMEF 50% emergence time Plant or sprout TIMSE Time to 50% sprouts (plants) emerge in a plot 50% sprout emergence time apppoundedyam appearance The optical appearance of pouned yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of pounded yam structure Pounded yam appearance Pounded yam Record time (date) of first flower initiation in a plot or the date any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Flower initaition time - Estimation Tuber flesh oxidation intensity Tuber Oxidation intensity Intoxd Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) kg/plot Record appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface at harvest Crazy roots presence on tubers at harvest-Estimation After breaking or cutting, breaking or crumbling, evaluate the intensity of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Texture in the hand method Flesh oxidation quantitative computation Cirad Texture in the hand stretchabilitymethod The pounded yam is touched and pulled apart with the fingers G.Arnau Datfsen Senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Foliage senescence time Plant uniteless Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Canopy Dry rot presence on harvested tubers-Estimation Observe the occurance or presence of dry rot caused by nematods (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) on harvested tubers and record the presence and absence Tuber number/plot Female flowering intensity fflrint Intensity or abudance of female flowers on spikes/infloresences abondance Flower Crossing date Plant Date crossing or pollination attempted datcross pollination time 0-2 scale shape Leaf apex shape Leaf apex Lfapx Leaf apex shape Compute the proportion of seedlings survived or established well after transplant operation Seedling tranplant survival rate-computation Plant or sprout Time to the first sprout (plant) emerge in a plot First emergence time First sprout emergence time TIMFSE Number NESP Number of well established plants ( plants growing with good vigour and without severe constraints) in a plot Plant Established plants Tuber flesh color middle portion - Estimation Observe and record the fresh cut flesh surface color at the middle part of the tuber at harvesting time. BoilYamBitteraft During chewing, bitter taste after swallowing, eg there is a light bitter aftertaste Boiled root Bitterness after taste Boiled yam bitter after taste Presence of cataphylle Observe the presence or absence of cataphylle Width of small size tubers-Computation Measure the width of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Number of medium size tubers that weighing ? 0.5kg and <1 kg in a net plot or unit area NMTP Number Medium size tubers per plot Medium tuber % Seedling Tsurvrat Survival rate Establishment rate of seedlings four weeks after transplanting operation Seedling transplant survival rate Corm on tuber corm Presence or absence of corm on tuber Corm Presence Canopy Time between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Growth cycle length Growth cycle length 0-2 scale 0-1 scale Score the degree to which particles of a pounded yam stick together or how moldable it is using intensity scale Cohesiveness of pounded yam- Estimation Record the date 90% of the developed fruits shows sign of physiological maturity (turning brown) Fruit maturity time - Estimation 1-3 scale Observe and score scale insect infestation on tuber at harvest Scale insect infestation - Estimation Smoothness scale 0-10 Sprout hairiness Hairs on sprout (vines) HAIRSP Sprout hairiness Record date of 50% plants in a plot are showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Estimation Corm Corm size Size Size of corm in relation to tuber corsz color Tuber flesh Browness of the Tuber flesh colour The surface browness of the yam tuber flesh Canopy Senescence duration Senescence duration Time between 5 and 95% senescence SprtCol Sprout Color of the sprout (vine and leaves). color Sprout color Tubers planted Seed tuber Number of seed tubers planted in a plot or unit area NTP Number Anthracnose incidence - Estimation Compute the proportion of anthracnose damaged individuals or their parts , commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Count anthracnose disease ?blight? or leaf spot affected plants in plot twice (First inspection at 10 to 12 weeks post planting and second inspection after 2 to 4 weeks before harvesting ) and compute the proportion of damanged TTWPL Tuber weight Total tuber weight per plant Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers per plant Record the texture of tuber flesh using scale Tuber flesh texture-Estimation Fruits developed number - Counting Record the number of developed fruits or fruit set in pollinated flowers/inflorescence Number of bulbil Bulbp Aerial tuber Number Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Dryrot Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Yam tuber dry rot presence Dry rot presence Color or pigmentation of leaf vein Vein color lveincol vein color Leaf Count the number of pollinated spikes per female parent per cross Pollinated spike number - Estimation The surface whiteness of the yam tuber flesh Tuber flesh color Whitness of the Flesh colour number of fruit Emerged sprouts or plants proportion-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of plants/sprouts emerged as the number of emerged plants/sprouts divided by the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted in a plot multiplied by 100 Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover of subplot - Computation Averaged crop vigor expressed in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover in subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 80% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Twining direction-Estimation Record the twining or climbing direction of the vine Foliage senescence time - Estimation Record the date when all plants in a plot shows a sign of 100% foliage senescence Boiled root Boiled yam crumbness Property of the product to crumble or break between the fingers Crumbness in hand BoilYamHdCrum Corm type Type Corm cortyp Corm type 1-2 scale Computed as total tubers weight per plant multiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Total tuber yield adjusted-computation Observe the femal flowering intensity or abudance per inflorences and rate Femal flowers abundance or intensity per inflorescence-Estimation Set seed per Fruit number Seeds set per fruit Number of seeds developed per fruit after hand flowers pollination SdSet Total tuber fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of all categroy/size tubers taken in a plot to the number of harvested plant in a net plot kg Record appearance of cracks on tuber surface as absent, few and many Cracks on the tuber surface-Estimation Texture in the hand stickness method Flesh oxidation Tuber flesh Tuber flesh oxidation Oxidation ratio of flesh Sample is touched with fingers or moulded in the hands Seed tuber Weight of seed tubers (whole seed yams or setts ) planted in a plot or per unit area. Planting material from a tuber is called sett. Seed tuber could be either small, healthy whole tuber or large tubers cut into pieces (sett) Weight WTP Weight of planted tubers Duration of heterophylly period - Computing Compute the average of the period from emergence to first true leaf appearance on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Boiled yam The optical appearance of boiled yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of boiled yam structure appboiledyam appearance Boiled yam appearance NINFB Number of internodes to first branchs on a plant number Stem internode Number of internodes to first branching Medium size tubers weight per plot Medium tuber Weight MTW Weight of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) in a net plot or unit area Computation of the necessary time before 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to 5% emergence 1-5 scale 1-7 general scale length Leaf Leaf length lflngth Length of leaf Stbrwd Length Average width of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small size tuber width Small tuber Both inner and outer colour can range from light yellowish (off-white) to white (pure white) BoilYamWhit Boiled yam whiteness Whiteness Boiled root surface Organisation or structural arrangements of branchs and leaves distribution giving a specific shape to the above ground part of the plant Canopy architecture Canarc Canopy architecture Mealybug tuber infestation incidence MbugInc Tuber Incidence of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Number of bulbil Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Bulbpl Aerial tuber Number Pounded yam aroma Pouned yam arompoundedyam aroma The sense of smell or odor of pounded yam that reaches the nose before eating or the pounded yam reaches the mouth number of tubers Compute the average sprout length of five representative plants measurement taken in a plot Sprout length-computation Big size yam yield adjusted-computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per per plant mutiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Scoring the most frequent flower sex type when more than 50% of the plants are flowered Plant or flower sex-Estimation Pounded yam YamHdSmot Pounded yam smoothness Smoothness Absence of lumps shape Leaf shape of plants Leaf Leaf shape Lfshp Tuber flesh color lower or tail portion- Estimation Observe and record fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the tail portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Time to first leaf emergence emergence time Leaf TIMLE Time to the first leaf emergence on a plant or sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Computing the number of days required from 50% of sprout emergence to when plant does not produce more new flowers. End of flowering time - Computation Seed sown Sdsown Seeds sown Number Quantity of botanical or true seeds sown per family or cross Seed Time last seed germination occurred Seeds germination end time germination ending time germend First inflorescence time - Estimation Record date when plant/s having the first inflorescence in a plot Distance to which the deformed material can be sretchable sprgpdym Pounded yam Springiness of pounded yam Springiness yield TTYNA Total tuber yield Tuber Total tuber yield nonadjusted tons per hectare 1-5 scale tuber number/plant Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing seeds Seed index Record the uniformity of tuber flesh cross-section color using visual scale at fresh cut during harvest Tuber flesh cross section color uniformity-estimation Prediction of sugar content using NIRS spectra (FOSS 6500) of tuber flour sample NIRS model prediction - computation Aroma of boiled yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the boiled yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the boiled yam to eat Number of true seeds sown-counting Record the number of true seeds sown per cross or family Surface color resulting of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation Tuber Oxidation color Tuber flesh oxidation color Foxdc Incidence of leaf beetle damage. Leaf beetle damage incidence Leaf Lfbtinc Leaf beetle incidence Viruses infection incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of virus symptomatic individuals or their parts or commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Take virus incidence recording thrice: First inspection at 8 to 10 weeks after planting and second inspection after 4 to 6 weeks after first inspection for virus symptoms and the third and final inspection 4 to 6 weeks after the second inspection . PVigor vigor Plant The vigour of the vine and leaves of the new plant. Plant Vigor Observe the presence or absence of hairs on stem surface Hair on stem - Estimation Fruit developed number Fruit per cross Nfrts Number Quantity of developed fruits per crosses number of fruits Duration between 5% emergence and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Averaged growth cycle duration expressed in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence (i.e. 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Median senescence computed from inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting. Time at 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Big size yam fresh weight per plant- computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of big size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Tuber beetle incidence Tubtlinc Tuber beetle incidence Incidence of tuber beetle damage. Tuber Brownness scale 0-100 Chewingness scale 0-100 Compute the sum all category or size of tubers (Big, medium, small size, and rotten and diseased) fresh weight per plot Total tuber fresh weight per plot -computation Bulbil yield (Plot weight) - Measurement Record the fresh weight of harvested bulbil or aerial tuber per net plot Measure the length of internode at 1m height on five (5) plants and record the average Internode length - computation G.Arnau Shape regularity estimation 0-2 Cirad Sample is put in the hands and moulded Texture in the hand mouldability method 0-4 general scale Record the weight of medium size ( ? 500 gm and <1 kg) tubers in a net plot Medium size tubers fresh weight per plot -measurement Leaf length - computation Measure the length from lobes to the tip using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant and at leat five plants on a plot), and record the average length number Stand harvested number NPH Number of plants harvested Haversted plant Fruit set number - Estimation Assess the fruit number as fruiting intensity in categorical scale when more than 50% of the plants set fruits Compute the average of the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh color computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Count number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils on plants in a net plot and compute the average number bulbils per plant Number of bulbil - Computation Record the date fruit set in 50% of plants in a plot 50% fruit set time-Estimation Mealybug tuber incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers infested with mealybugs from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot at time of harvesting. Measure the width of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg )from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of medium size tubers-Computation length Sprout length Spleng Length of sprouted shoots (vines) Sprout Proportion of plants /sprouts emerged in a plot Plant or sprout Proportion of emerged plants Proportion PPE Number of emerged plants Plant or sprout Number of an emerged plants (sprouts) in a plot Number NEP Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Color difference bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Root knot severity caused by Meloidogyne spp. Root knot nematode severity Root knot nematode severity Tuber RKNSev Nodes carrying cataphylles - Counting Compute the average of the number of nodes carrying cataphylles on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly The degree of whiteness of the pounded yam sample like a plain white paper or white flip chart/colour of boiled egg albumen, or Colour of the pounded yam comparable to that of Soymilk or “Eba” from white “Gaari”, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to that of greyness covering a boiled egg yolk, or colour of pounded yam, or colour of pounded yam comparable to that of evaporated liquid milk such as Peak milk, or colour of pounded yam comparable to boiled egg yolk that is light in colour, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to deep colour of Yellow maize, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour whole wheat meal or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour of carton paper. Pounded yam colour Colour Pounded yam YamCol Weight of big size tubers per plant Big tuber Big size tuber weight per plant weight WBTPL Tfoxd Tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber flesh oxidation Enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber Tuber beetle severity - Estimation Tuber beetle severity or intensity estimated usually as number of nymph present in tubers at harvesting time. Observe the status of foliage senescence (leaf or vine yellowing) of plants in plot at 6 month onward and rate the maturity status Senescence- Estimation Harvesting ime Time to fruit harvesting Time of fruit harvesting Fruit DateFH Length of petiole Petiole length Petiole petlngth Lengh Floret pollinated number - Counting Count the number of pollinated florets per female parent per cross Assess the leaf beetle infestation at two and five months after planting and record its severity Leaf beetle severity - Estimation Record weight of rotten and/or diseased tubers harvested in a net plot Rotten tuber fresh weight per plot - Measurement Tuber flesh texture texture Tuber flesh Txf Texture of tuber flesh CTBRS Tuber cracks Tuber Cracks Cracks on tuber surface Boiled root BoilYamHdFibr Refers to the presence of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Boiled yam fibrousness Fibrousness in hand Assess the proportion of sprouted tubers at different time interval (once a week) from harvesting up to three months after harvesting and rate the dormancy period in scale Dormancy period -Estimation Assess the small or odour the pounded yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the pounded yam to eat Aroma of pounded yam-Estimation Tbrwd Average width of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Tuber Wideth Tuber width Nodes carrying cataphylle per plant Number of plant Computed as total tuber weight per plot divided by size of net or effective harvest plot and result multiplied by 10 Tuber yield no adjusted- Computation Boiled root Force required to cut/break with fork Hardness of cutting or breaking Boiled yam hardness BoilYamHdHard texture txtpoundedyam Pounded yam Pounded yam texture The physical attributes of pounded yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Determination of predominant size of the tuber in the entire family Tuber size - Estimation Hairiness of stem stmhair hairiness Stem hairiness Stem Appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface Crazy roots CRZROOT presence Crazy roots presence Measure the length or height of stem or vine of at least five mature plants in a plot using measuring tape at five to six months after sprout emergence and record the average Stem height - computation number NBTPL Big tuber Big size tubers per plant Number of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) per plant Computation of the substraction between the necessary time before 95% and 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from 5% to 95% emergence Take count of well established plants in a plot usually at two months after planting Number of well established plants -Counting Twining habit twining habit Tendency of climbing or trailling TWNH Plant Compute the yellow index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh yellow index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Tuber TbrSz Size Tuber size Tuber size Shape TbrSh Tuber predominant shape Tuber shape Tuber Time of first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Estimation Record time of the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vine) Flesh oxidation - computation Stretchability scale 0-10 Score the length oxidation (from head) and the length tuber and record the oxidation length / length tuber ratio branch Number Number of branches above ground Branch Branch number Growing degree days to maturity-Estimation Compute number of growing degree days required from planting (or 50% emergence) to 50% foliage senescence or maturity. Elapsed time between planting date and date of 50% emergence sprouts in a plot Period duration from planting to 50% sprout emergence Sprout Earliness of emergence Boiled yam surface black points presence Refers to the presence of small black points on the surface of product Black points presence Boiled root surface BoilYamBlackspo Boiled yam color Boiled yam Optical color or pigmentation of boiled yam colbldyam color Hardness scale 0-10 Score the distance to which the deformed material can be or degree of stretchabiliy pounded yam in intesity scale Springiness of pounded yam-Estimation Compute the proportion dry rot tubers from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot Tuber dry rot incidence - Computation Sweetness 0-100 Pounded yam Taste of pounded yam when eaten without any additional complementary food TastePndedYam Taste of pounded yam taste Plant Inflorescence initiation time TIMinflor Inflorescence initiation time Time of first inflorescence initiation Vine cuttings planted -counting Count the numeber vine cuttings planted Btbrleng Big size tuber length Big tuber Average length of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Measure the internode length of five plants before senescence at 1 meter height and record the average Internode length -computation 1-3 general scale Aerial tuber Yield of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Bulbyld Bulbil yield Yield Thorn Thorniness Exsistence of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber Tuber thorniness Small tuber Small size tubers per plant Number of small size tubers ( <0.5kg) per plant Number NSTPL Black spots presence scale 0-100 Record date 50% of sprouts in a plot emerged Time 50% of sprout emergence-Estimation Total fresh tuber weight per plot Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers harvested in a net plot weight Tuber TTWP germination rate Seed germination rate A proportion of sown true (botanical) seed which germinate and produce seedling Seed germRate STRATE Proportion of established plants Plant Proportion of plants in a plot well established (plantsgrowing with good vigour and without severe constraints) Proportion Total tuber harvested number-computation Compute the sum of all category/size tubers (big, medium, small and rotten/diseased) in a net plot arrangement lfpst Leaf position Leaf Arrangement of leaves on stem or vine Density of spines on stem base of a plant-Etimation Visual assessment of spines on a stem (vine) above the base of mature plants in a plot Corm type-Estimation Record the corm type as regular, transversally elongated or brached using scale TIMbulb duration Bulbil initiation time Aerial tuber Time to bulbil initiation Severity of leaf beetle damage. Leaf Lfbtsev Leaf beetle damage severity Leaf beetle severity Tbrappr Appearance Tuber appearance Tuber surface look in relation to presence or absence of roots, thorns and sprouted buds on the tuber surface Tuber Fruit set number - Computation Compute the fruit set number as proportion of pollinated flowers developing or setting a fruit and expressed in % Mean number of nodes carrying cataphylles on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Number Plant Number of nodes carrying cataphylles Number of stems (vines) with leaves and branches per plant Nstem number Stem Stems per plant Big tuber Big size tuber width Average width of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Btbrwd Time to fruit setting Fruiting ability Times fruit formation or set on monoeciuse or femal flowers of dioeciouse yam plants Fruit Frtset Basic light sugary taste like a little glucose or sucrose in water solution Boiled root BoilYamSweet Boiled yam sweetness Sweetness plant per plot Tuber Number TNTPL Number of tubers harvested per plant Total tubers per plant Measure the length of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of small size tubers-Computation Record of the existance of colored spot at base of spines on a sprout (vine) Colored spots on spine base-Estimation Number sex Flower Sex Predominat plant or flower sex Plant sex Yam odour scale 0-100 Root knot nematode incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers showing root knot nematode symptoms from the total number of harvested tubers in effective plot Crumbness scale 0-100 Presence of spines on sprout (vines) Spines on sprout presence SPNSP Presense Spine on sprout Stretchability Pounded yam stretchability YamHdStr Pounded yam Ability of pounded yam to stretch when pulled apart with fingers Times to first sprout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date first sprout or plant in a plot or unit area emerged Sprout color - estimation Record the predominant color of the sprouts (plant) per plot at 20 days after emergence Computation of inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to median emergence Seed index seed set ratio Seed index is an estimation of pollinated flowers producing seeds Seed Subplot maximum ground cover from weekly image analysis - Computation Averaged maximum ground cover over two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Maximum ground cover computed from ground cover dynamic modeled using time to event Beta Growth model. Presence of fiber strand-Estimation Score the presence or absence of ?ber strands on pounded yam Visual assessment of the plant vigour in a plot at two month after planting Plant Vigor - Estimation Count the number of tubers (seed yams or setts) planted per plot (unit area) Tubers (seed yams or setts) planted - Counting Rotten tubers in a plot number-counting Count the number of rotten and/or diseased tubers in effective plot The degree to which the pounded yam is adhesive or stick to the fingure, mouth surface and teeth Stickiness StickPndedYam Stickiness of pounded yam Pounded yam Boiled yam Yam flavor Yam odour BoilYamOdor Boiled root Odour of boiled yam Record the corm ability to be separated from tuber in a binary scale Corm separation from tuber-Estimation Color of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the optical color or pigementation of pounded yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Record the presence or absence of thorns or spines on the tuber skin in visual scale Tuber thorniness - Estimation Leaf beetle incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of plants with leaf beetle damage from the total number of plants in the effective plots on leaf beetle damange record taken twice(at two and five months after planting date) Tuber flesh color Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in longitudinal section Tuber flesh uniformity Take a whiff and evaluate the intensity of yam odour Odour method Percentage Whiteness scale 0-100 Plant Flrint flowering intensity Abundance or degree of flowering Flowering intensity Medium tuber Weight of medium size tuber yam per plant WMTPL Medium size tuber weight per plant weight Mealybug tuber severity estimation on infested tubers at time harvesting Mealybug tuber severity - Estimation 1-5 scale Averaged senescence period duration expressed in days between 5 and 95% senescence (i.e. 95% and 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% and 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5 and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Tuber surface appearance - Estimation Observe the appearance of roots, thones and srout buds on surface of harvested tubers and make visual score using scale Fruits/cross twndir twining direction Twining direction Vine Twining direction Score the degree of fruit development in scale Fruit development intensity-Estimation Times to 50% spout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date 50% of sprouts or plants in a plot emerged Seedling Establishment rate of seedlings sderat Seedling Establishment rate Establishment rate Severity of tuber beetle damage. Tuber beetle severity Tuber beetle severity Tuber Tubtlsev Record time (date) when the plant does not produce more new flowers in a plot End of flowering time - Estimation Growth duration Time from median emergence to 5% senescence Canopy Senescence earliness Pollination type-Estimation Record the method used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same or different plant of the same species Stickiness of pounded yam - Estimation Score the sticknes or adhesiveness of pounded yam to consumern fingur using sensory test panelist Canopy Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Crop vigor Growth vigor Measure the stem diameter at 15 cm above the base of five plants before senescence in a plot and record the average Stem diameter-computation Observe and record the fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the head portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color head portion - Estimation Medium size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of medium size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of medium size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Weight of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) in a net plot or unit area BTW Big size tubers weight per plot Big tuber Weight Time to 50% flowering Plant TIMFL 50% flowering time Time when 50% of the plants flower in a plot NBTP Number Big tuber Big size tubers per plot Number of big size tubers that weighing ?1 kg in a net plot or unit area Weight Tuber ATW Average tuber weight in kg Average tuber weight Measure the length of petiole using measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average length Petiole length - Computation method_of Color difference bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Assess the color of leaf vein on the upper surface Vein color - Estimation Compute the proportion tubers with tubers beetle damage from the total number of harvested tubers in the effective plot at harvesting time. Tuber beetle incidence - Computation Pounded yam color Optical color or pigmentation of pounded yam Pounded yam color colpoundedyam Tuber dry rot severity - Estimation Score the severity of dry rot in harvested tubers Corm on tubers-Estimation Score corm status of tubers using a binary scale Boiled root surface BoilYamBrow Brownness Boiled yam brownness Brown colour of product after cooking Bitterness after taste 0-100 Emerged sprouts -Counting Count the emerged plants (sprouts) per plot every week starting from first plant/sprout emergence date till the last plant or spourt emerge in a plot Times 90% of fruits attain physiological maturity Time to fruit maturity TIMFrtM Maturity time Fruit Spines on sprout base-estimation Record absence or presence of spines on a sprout (vine) yield Big size yam yield Big tuber BTYld Big size tubers yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Determination of predominant canopy architecture Canopy architecture - Estimation Pollinated spikes number number NPollSpk Inflorescence Quantity of Female spikes where flowers has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent fbrpdym Pounded yam Presenceof ?ber strands Fibrousness of pounded yam Presence of fiber strands 0-4 scale Medium size tuber width Length Medium tuber Mtbrwd Average width of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Time to maturity Mat Plant Length of time toward crop maturity Maturity time Granuliness 0-100 Compute the proportion of seedlings per family (cross) establish well and ready for transplanting, usually recorded at five weeks after sowing. Seedling establishment rate-computation Purpleness scale 0-100 number of branch Big size yam yield no adjusted- Computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per plot divided by size of effective harvest plot mutiplied by 10 Put the product between the molars and mash it to assess the number of chews before swallowing Texture in the mouth method Compute the number of days required from first sprout emergence to the first leaf to emerge on a sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Times to the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Computation Virus severity Plant Virus severity VirusSev Grade of reaction of the plant to the viruses infection, varying from mottle, mosaics until total leaves deformation Corm separability from tuber separation Corm separation from tuber Corm corsep Compute the average tuber width of all size measurement taken in a net plot Tuber wideth-computation Anthracnose severity - Estimation Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by yam anthracnose disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected.It is visual score in scale under screenhouse, artificial inoculation or under field natural infestation. For artificial inoculation use a suspension of three most virulent strains of Colletothrichum gloeosporioides and inoculate the plants raised from vine cutting in vertical sack or other means by spraying. For natural infestation, scores can be taken 10 to 12 weeks after planting and second scoring about 4-6 weeks before harvesting . Artificial inoculation should be scored at 3 days after inoculation(DAI) , and repeated at 7DAI, 11DAI and 15DAI Calculated as weight of big size tubers per plot divided by total number of big size tubers per plot Big yam tuber average weight-computation Heterophylly presence Plant Presence Presence of cataphylles during early stage plants per plot Mean color difference between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Compute the ∆E2000 between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values number of spikes Taste of pounded yam - Estimation Score taste of pounded yam using sensory test panalist 50% flowering time - Estimation Record time (date) 50% plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Record the number of germinated seedlings per cross or family Number of germinated seedling-Counting Tuber flour starch content yam flour Tuber flour starch content content Root knot nematode severity - Estimation Root knot nematode severity estimation in a range from no symptoms to highly severe galling scored in secondary roots of the plant and tubers adventitious roots. Small size tuber weight per plant Weight Small tuber Weight of small size yam per plant WSTPL Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing less than 500 gm harvested per effective plot Small size tubers harvested per plot number - counting Big size tubers yield adjusted tons per hectare Big size tuber yield adjusted yield Big tuber BTYA 50% flowering time - Computation Compute the number of days required from 50% of sprouts in plot emerged to 50% of plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Stickness scale 0-10 µm number of leaf Number of branchs - computation Count the number of branches above ground on at least five mature plants in a plot and record the average The physical attributes of boiled yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Boiled yam texture txtboiledyam texture Boiled yam scale_of 1-5 scale Tuber oxidation-Estimation Record time in minutes lasted for cut tuber flesh to become or not oxidized and score in scale Record the date crossing made in particular flower of a plant. Date crossing-Estimation Plant harvested number - Counting Counting the number of plants where tubers were harvested in a plot 1-4 score Observe the leaf abundance or mass on a mature plant and rate the density Leaf density - Estimation fruiting ratio Fruit index Fruit index is an estimation of pollinated flowers developing physiologically mature fruits Fruit Time of first seed germination-Estimation Record date the first seed germination observed per cross or family Record the presence and absence of bulbils (aerial tubers) in the vines of yam plant Presence of bulbil - Estimation Compute the proportion or ratio of vines cuttings survive and producing shoots from the total of planted vine cuttings Vines established-computation Bulbil shape-Estimation Record shape of bulbils or aerial tubers in scale Observe the regularity of tuber shape in visual scale Mouldability scale 0-10 Shape regularity - estimation Number of stems per plant-computation Compute average of the number of stems (vines) per established plants in a plot Compute the number of days required to first inflorescence emergence in a plot First inflorescence time - Compuation Feel the taste of boiled yam in mouth and make sensory score using scale how pleasing to the taste Taste of boiled yam-Estimation 1-5 general scale Tuber flour sugar content content yam flour Tuber flour sugar content Stickness in hand Boiled yam stickness Boiled root BoilYamHdStick Property related to the adhesion of the product between the fingers Leaf width - computation Measure the width from the widest part of leaf using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average width Sample is pressed firmly between the fingers Texture in the hand smoothness method 0-7 scale Tuber flesh white index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the white index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Boiled yam Boiled yam aroma arombldyam The sense of smell or odor of boiled yam that reaches the nose before eating or the boiled yam reaches the mouth aroma Record leaf apex shape of mature plants in a plot Leaf apex shape-Estimation YamHdHar Hardness Pounded yam hardness Pounded yam Softness is when it is quite easy to compress the sample, while hardness is when force is used to compress the sample or takes effort to compress the sample Number of Leaves - Computation Count the number of leaves on at least five young plants in a plot at 30 days after emergence and record the average Medium size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of medium size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot m variable_of Fruit harvesting time- Estimation Record the date of fruits harvest in a crossing block or from plant Tuber length-Computation Compute average tuber length of all size tubers measurement taken in a net plot 0-1 binary scale number of bulbils Compute the weight to harvested bulbils per plant Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per plant-computation 1-7 scale Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ? 500 gm and <1 kg harvested per effective plot Medium size tubers harvested number- counting Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Tuber flesh browning Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh