IITA Boiled yam texture estimation 1-5 scale A.mele Txt_BY IITA Big tubers per plot counting number A.Amele Springness estimation 1-2 Strepdym IITA A.Amele A.Amele IITA Small tuber width computation in cm Stbrwidth Bowen University, Nigeria YamStr_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam stretchability scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo A.Amele IITA Total tubers per plot computation Small tubers per plant compuatation IITA A.Amele IITA Bulbil presence estimation 0&1 AeTuber A. Lopez-Montes 3 slighty irregular IITA A.Amele Medium size tuber length computation in cm Boiled yam chewingness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi A.Amele DF Flowering time computation in days IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber dry rot severity estimation 0-4 S_Brs Sett-N IITA A.Amele Tubers planted counting/plot IITA TBRL A.Amele Average tuber length measurement in cm Anthracnose symptoms covering ~26 t0 ~50% of the plant. One or two spots of more than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface. Small dark and no dried spots with more than 1 cm width, are present 3 IITA A.Amele DtFFlr Flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd Easy to cut 0 1 White Sticky 100 IITA Foliage senescence time computation in days A. Lopez-Montes DAYHS A. Lopez-Montes Bulbil yield estimation in t/ha IITA AetbrYld 5 Purplish white Tuber dormancy period estimation Dorm IITA A. Lopez-Montes Cirad Senescence earliness computation in days from median emergence to 5% senescence D.Cornet IITA A.Amele Time to first leaf emergence computation Sprout hairiness estimation nominal 0&2 IITA A.Amele TUBSIZE Tuber size estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes IITA Absent 0 IITA A.Amele Inflorescence type estimation 2 oxidizes between 1 and 2 minure after cutting Spine base color estimation nominal 0&1 IITA A.Amele Bulbil yield per plant measurement in kg AetbrwtPl IITA A.Amele IITA A.Amele First inflorescence initiation time computation IITA A.Amele Big tuber average weight computation in kg A. Lopez-Montes Flcolr_middle IITA Tuber flesh color middle portion estimation 1-9 1 dislikeextremely Established plants counting/plot A.Amele IITA Estbp-N IITA Emerday First sprout emergence time computation in days A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes End of flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtendFlr IITA Starch grain size computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Upper surface vein color estimation 1-4 Fruit development status estimation 1-2 A.Amele IITA Medium tubers per plant computation IITA A.Amele oxidizes less than a minure 1 Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh yellowness computation Tuber shape estimation 1-4 A. Lopez-Montes TUBSHA IITA very sweet 5 10 Very stretchable Very Late (all the plants in a plot still show green foliage (green leaf and vine) 1 A.Amele plntsex IITA flrsex Plant sex estimation 0-4 Petiole length measurement in cm IITA A.Amele A.mele IITA pounded yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale Aroma_PY A. Lopez-Montes DtFlrin IITA Flower initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd Leaf shape estimation 1-7 IITA A.Amele D.Cornet Maximum ground cover computation in % Cirad A. Lopez-Montes Fruit set number estimation 1-3 IITA FRTINT D.Cornet Tuber flesh color gradient computation Cirad Botseed IITA True seeds harvested/cross counting A.Amele IITA A.Amele Leaf length measurement in cm Neither like nor dislike 3 IITA Shape of bulbil estimation 1-4 A.Amele Aetbrshap FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam black spots presence scale 0-100 Separability of corm estimation binary 0&1 cormsep IITA A.Amele First sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd Emerdt IITA A.Amele Bolanle Otegbayo YamMoul_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam mouldability scale 0-10 IITA A.Amele Big tubers per plant computation A.Amele IITA Tuber thorniness intensity estimation 0-7 D.Cornet Cirad Tuber flour starch content computation IITA A.Amele yam starch breakdown RVT A. Lopez-Montes Tuber flesh color upper portion estimation 1-9 IITA Flcolr_head IITA Appearance_BY Boiled yam appearance estimation 1-5 scale A.mele NRDT Rotten tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA Tuber flour protein content computation Cirad D.Cornet Fruit index computation 0 to 1 A.Amele IITA A.Amele IITA Weight of big tubers per plant measurement in kg MTWPL Upper surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Non flowering 0 A.Amele IITA Cohesiveness estimation 1-3 IITA A.Amele Total tubers per plant computation A.Amele Seedling survival rate percentage IITA TubYld IITA A.Amele Total tuber yield computation in t/ha A.Amele Average tuber width computation in cm tbrwidth IITA 4 like Boiled yam color estimation 1-5 scale Color_BY A.mele IITA 0 No Ratiosp Proportion of emerged plants (sprouts) computation/% IITA A.Amele, A. Lopez-Mentes IITA Stickiness estimation 1-3 Con_Stick_PY A. Lopez-Montes A.Amele IITA frtform Fruit setting estimation 0&1 IITA A.Amele Tuber surface crack estimation 0-3 Average tuber weight computation in kg IITA A.Amele Uniformity of tuber flesh color estimation binary 0&1 flcol_uni IITA A.Amele Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamCol_Meas_1to9 Pounded yam colour scale 1-9 IITA Seeds set/fruit computation A. Lopez-Montes Dayflrin A. Lopez-Montes Fower initiation time computation in days IITA IITA A. Lopez-Montes SPCOLO Sprout color estimation 1-5 IITA A.Amele Mature leaf color estimation 1-5 A.Amele Weight of big tubers per plot measurement in kg Btbrwt IITA IITA A. Lopez-Montes Mealybug severity estimation in 1-5 M_Bs IITA A.Amele Spines on sprout presence estimation nominal 0&1 A.Amele IITA Small tubers per plot counting number Dayaetbrin IITA A.Amele Times to bulbil initiation computation IITA Total tuber weight per plot computation in kg A.Amele 0 Big lumps Pounded yam stickness scale 0-10 YamStic_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria A.mele Pounded yam texture estimation 1-3 scale IITA Txt_PY Crop cover compactness computation Cirad D.Cornet 5 like extremely A.Amele IITA Pollmech Pollination type estimation 1-4 IITA Female flowering intensity per spike estimation 1-4 A.Amele fflrab Leaf apex shape estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA A.Amele Young leaf color estimation 1-5 IITA Boiled yam taste estimation 1-5 scale IITA A.mele Taste_BY 0 Absent IITA Smoothness estimation 1-3 A.Amele Not granular 0 3 oxidizes more than 3 minutes Absence of lumps 10 IITA Appearance of tuber surface estimation 1-4 A. Lopez-Montes 3 few thorns or spines on tuber surface 2 Pale green Tuber flesh brownness computation Cirad D.Cornet 100 Pure white Grey 3 A. Lopez-Montes Canopy IITA Canopy architecture estimation 1-4 Medium tubers per plot counting number IITA A.Amele A.mele Boiled yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale IITA Aroma_BY Boiled yam stickness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Estbp-ratio Field establishment rate compuation in % IITA A.Amele IITA Seeds sown/family counting A.Amele Flesh oxidation color estimation 1-4 IITA A.Amele A.Amele DAEGR End of seeds germination time estiamtion in yy/mm/dd IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam bitter after taste 0-100 Laurent Adinsi A. Lopez-Montes SETW Weight of planted tubers computation/ gm IITA Neither like nor dislike 3 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam granuleness 0-100 A. Lopez-Montes virus severity estimation in 1-5 VRSS IITA Seed index computation 0 to 1 IITA A.Amele Root knot nematode severity estimation in 1-5 IITA A. Lopez-Montes R_kns IITA A.Amele Total tuber weight per plant computation in kg First inflorescence initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Corm type estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA Cormtype 2 Slightly bitter IITA A. Lopez-Montes Aetbrin Bulbil initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Corm size estimation 1-3 Cormsize 9 very early (The plants are completely senescent, yellowing is complete and uniform (both leaves and vines 100% senescence) Cirad D.Cornet Heterophylly presence estimation nominal 0&1 A.Amele Big tuber width computation in cm Btbrwidth IITA Rough 2 presence 1 Tuber oxidation estimation 1-3 Oxid IITA A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes IITA Thorn Tuber thorniness estimation 0&1 Fruit maturity time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA IITA Rot_Wt Weight of rotten/diseased tubers per plot measurement in kg A. Lopez-Montes TBR_Hairy IITA Hairiness of tuber estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes DyFemer IITA A.Amele 50% sprout emergence time computation in days Stem hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Cirad D.Cornet Growth cycle length computation in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Off-white 2 VRSI Virus incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes IITA Matfrt Fruits harvested per cross counting A. Lopez-Montes IITA Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam fibrousness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Moderate (producing some flowers mostly 10-29 inflorescences per plant) 5 IITA Tuber beetle incidence computation % Tbeti A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Scale insect infestation estimation 0-2 IITA Vine cutting establishment rate percentage A.Amele IITA A.Amele DATS Time to 50% foliage senescence estimation in yy/mm/dd AnthracInc A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease incidence computation % IITA 8 deep purple Corm estimation binary 0&1 A.Amele IITA A.Amele IITA Small size tuber length computation in cm Internode length measurement in cm IITA A.Amele IITA A.Amele Crazy roots presence estimation 0&1 5 highly irregular FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam sweetness 0-100 A.Amele Weight of small tuber per plant computation kgplant IITA IITA A.Amele Foliage senescence time estimation in yy/mm/dd DateHS Leaf width measurement in cm A.Amele IITA Boiled yam odour scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Tuber flesh color computation Cirad D.Cornet sder IITA Seedling establishment rate percentage A. Lopez-Montes IITA Pollinated spikes counting A. Lopez-Montes NPOLS Cirad D.Cornet Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation computation IITA Pounded yam appearance estimation 1-3 scale A.mele Appearance_PY IITA Mtbrwt Weight medium tubers per plot measurement in kg A.Amele Seeds germination start time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA DAFGR IITA Tuber beetle severity estimation in 1-5 Tbets A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Big tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha IITA A.Amele Vine cuttings planted count 4 Long (More than 50% of the tubers sprouted at three month after harvesting time) Present 100 IITA Plant vigor estimation 1-3 PLNV A. Lopez-Montes 1 very bitter Bolanle Otegbayo YamSmot_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam smoothness scale 0-10 FrtN Fruits developed per cross counting IITA A. Lopez-Montes 6 Light yellow No_stdh IITA A. Lopez-Montes Plant stand harvested count Very sticky 10 Bolanle Otegbayo YamHar_Meas_0to10 Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam hardness scale 0-10 Present 100 Internode length computation in cm IITA INODL A.Amele 0 no thorns or spines on tuber surface A.Amele IITA Weight of medium tubers per plant computation kgplt IITA TWNH Twining habit estimation 0-1 A.Amele A.Amele Polldate Crossing date esimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Cirad D.Cornet Crop vigor computation in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover IITA Number of dry rot tubers count A.Amele Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh whiteness computation IITA Leaf beetle damage severity estimation in 1-5 Btl_S A. Lopez-Montes yam anthracnose disease severity estimation in 1-5 A. Lopez-Montes AnthracSev IITA dislike 2 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam hardness scale 0-100 No symptoms 0 Seeds germinated counting IITA A.Amele 0 Not crumby Root position estimation 1-4 IITA A.Amele 0 No fibers A. Lopez-Montes Tuber surface texture estimation 1-2 IITA IITA A.Amele Presence of tuber dry rot estimation in 0&1 Cirad D.Cornet Emergence vigor computation in number of days between 5% and 95% sprouts emergence A.Amele Stbrwt Weight of small tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA D.Cornet Cirad Duration of heterophyllic period computation in days after planting Lower surface vein color estimation 1-4 IITA A.Amele 2 moderately attractive IITA A.Amele Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation estimation 0-3 Color_PY pounded yam color estimation 1-5 scale A.mele IITA A.Amele Fiber estimation 1-2 IITA Not sticky 3 SPRTL A.Amele Sprout length measurement in cm IITA IITA GH Plant type estimation 1-3 A.Amele 2 Hairy (few scattered or many roots in the surface of the tuber) IITA Pollinated florets counting A. Lopez-Montes D.Cornet Number of nodes carrying cataphylles before first true leaf counting/plant Cirad Neither like nor dislike 3 Root knot nematode incidence computation % IITA R_Kni A. Lopez-Montes Purple 4 2 dislike IITA Btl_I Leaf beetle damage incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes SECSP IITA A.Amele Secondary sprouting estimation nominal 0&1 Medium tuber width computation in cm A.Amele IITA Mtbrwidth 5 Medium mouldability 7 Many thorns or spines on tuber surface A.Amele IITA Emerged plants counting/plot Leaf position estiamtion 1-3 A.Amele IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam bitterness 0-100 Laurent Adinsi IITA A.Amele Stem height measurement in m A. Lopez-Montes Big tuber yield computation in t/ha IITA Cirad Tuber color uniformity computation D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Lower surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 Aetbrpl IITA A.Amele Bulbils per plant computation Low (flowering is scare with the presence of few flowers mostly less than 10 inflorescences per plant) 3 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam whiteness scale 0-100 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Flowering intensity estimation 0-9 FLRI Spherical 1 A.Amele Time to 50% foliage senescence computation in days DM IITA 2 slightly sticky IITA A.Amele stemdim Stem diameter computation in mm IITA A.Amele Stem color estimatiion 1-5 A.Amele Bulbil weight per plot measurement in kg IITA Aetubwtp IITA fruit set number percentage A. Lopez-Montes 3 Cylindrical like extremely 5 76-100% tuber skin showing symptoms 4 IITA A. Lopez-Montes Dry matter content percentage TDMC Flcolr_tail Tuber flesh color lower portion estimation 1-9 IITA A. Lopez-Montes 3 Thorny (small prominences ending in a small thorn) Tuber flesh texture estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA Profuse (plant producing many more flowers mostly 30 to 50 inflorescences per plant) 7 A. Lopez-Montes Taste estimation 1-5 IITA Con_Taste_PY Earliness of emergence computation in number of days from planting to 50% sprouts emergence Cirad D.Cornet Very soft 0 3 Monoecious male (m>f) Number of branches per plant count IITA A.Amele like extremely 5 1 regular Yellowish 1 4 Irregular IITA A.Amele Leaf density estimation 1-7 Seed germination rate percentage IITA A. Lopez-Montes GR Tuber flour sugar content computation D.Cornet Cirad 3 Yellow 2 Oval A.Amele IITA Fruit harvest time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Dayendflr A. Lopez-Montes End of flowering time computation in days IITA A.Amele MatC Senescence class estimation 1-9 Yellow 7 A. Lopez-Montes IITA M_Bi Mealybug incidence computation % 1 Few 2 Creamy white IITA A.Amele Number of leaves per plant count Medium stickiness 5 0 Absent attribute 3 soft or smooth IITA Times to fruit maturity computation in days DFM A.Amele Light grey 4 IITA A.Amele DtFemer 50% sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Number of internodes to first branching computation/plot A.Amele 2 Few anthracnose spots or sysmptoms on 1 t0 ~25% of the plant. One or two spots of less than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface 3 51-75% tuber skin showing symptoms 1 not attractive 4 Fully smooth creamy 6 Aetbrp A. Lopez-Montes IITA Bulbils per plot count 0 No flower or bud. No inflorescence and not flowering at all 2 female flower Intermediate 5 A.Amele IITA First leaf emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Big tuber length computation in cm 0 Not sticky 0 Abesnt Boiled yam crumbness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi 1 Yes Fruit setting time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA A.Amele Neutral 3 1 Rough Present 1 very attractive 3 9 orange 5 Severe necrosis and death of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue more than 1.5 cm of diameter and covering a great proprotion of the leaf surface. Yellowing of the gree tissue is generalised in the leaf blade. 4 Purplish green IITA Maturity time estimation GGD A.Amele 100 High Yam ontology Difficult to cut 100 D.Cornet Latency period duration computation in number of days from planting to 5% sprouts emergence Cirad 2 26-50% tuber skin showing symptoms Stems per plant computation per plant IITA stnp A. Lopez-Montes No visible symptoms of anthracnose disease or infection spot on the leaf surface 1 1 slightly oxidizing 7 brownish white IITA A.Amele Tbrflcolr Tuber flesh color measurement 2 Many D.Cornet Senescence period duration computation in days between 5 and 95% senescence Cirad Boiled yam brownness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi IITA A.Amele Spines on stem estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha 2 intermediate Non sticky 0 Sweet 100 0 Off white 100 Crumby 3 Low Late (75% of the plants in a plot with still green foliage but few plants (upto 25% plants in a plot) showing up to 25% of leaves senescence 3 Bitter 100 acronym like 4 Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam purpleness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin 3 Dark green highly oxidizing 3 aborted flower. Presence of small or rudimentary inflorescences/flowers that can show an abortion or abscission point at joint of the pedicel 1 Very hard 10 5 Purple High 7 Absent 0 no oxidization 0 100 Fibers 5 Medium stretchability 9 Extremely pofuse (plant producing with abundant flowring mostly more than 50 inflorescences per plant) strong or hard or lumpy 1 like 4 Purple 100 dislike 2 1 Smooth dislikeextremely 1 Granular 100 Male flower 1 Easy 100 4 sweet 0 absence sticky 1 A. Amele IITA Twining direction estimation 1-2 0 Low 7 early (The plants have senescent foliage (75% of the plants in a plot with 50% leaves showing sign of yellowing but the vines still green) 5 like extremely 1 dislikeextremely 4 like 1 1-25% tuber skin showing symptoms Mouldable 10 Difficult 0 5 Cream A. Lopez-Montes Tuber dry rot incidence computation in % S_Bri IITA 100 Brown 0 Not mooldable entity Absent 0 4 Symptom on >51% of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue and covering a signifcant proprotion of the leaf surface. Areas with less than 1 cm width are coalescing to bigger spots also. Yellowing of green tissue is intense around the spots areas. 4 Monoecious female(f>m) Light brown 8 0 No purple White 1 0 No brown 5 Medium (50% of the plants are still green or on the onset of senescence. Only 50% plants in a plot with 25% of the leaves showing senescence or slight yellowing Brown 9 Not streachable 0 Leaf apex shape Leaf apex shape Lfapx Leaf apex shape Small tuber Number Number of small size tubers ( <0.5kg) per plant Small size tubers per plant NSTPL Tuber flesh Whitness of the Flesh colour color The surface whiteness of the yam tuber flesh End of flowering time - Computation Computing the number of days required from 50% of sprout emergence to when plant does not produce more new flowers. Flesh oxidation Sample is touched with fingers or moulded in the hands Tuber flesh oxidation Oxidation ratio of flesh Tuber flesh Texture in the hand stickness method Density of spines on stem base of a plant-Etimation Visual assessment of spines on a stem (vine) above the base of mature plants in a plot First inflorescence time - Compuation Compute the number of days required to first inflorescence emergence in a plot Size Mean starch grain size of yam tuber flour yam flour Starch grain size YamHdStr Pounded yam Pounded yam stretchability Stretchability Ability of pounded yam to stretch when pulled apart with fingers Score the smoothnessof the pounded yam , i.e., absence of lumps by finger feeling and using intensity scale Smoothness of pounded yam- Estimation Mealybug tuber infestation severity Tuber MbugSev Severity of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation severity Compute the average of the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh color computation from standardized image L*a*b* values 1-3 scale Tuber size - Estimation Determination of predominant size of the tuber in the entire family TIMEF end of flowering time End of flowering time or when a plant does not produce new flower in a plot Plant Time to end of flowering number of leaf Field establishment-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of well-established plants in a plot from the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted NMTP Number of medium size tubers that weighing ? 0.5kg and <1 kg in a net plot or unit area Medium tuber Medium size tubers per plot Number Mouldability scale 0-10 Shape regularity - estimation Observe the regularity of tuber shape in visual scale Leaf beetle damage incidence Leaf Lfbtinc Incidence of leaf beetle damage. Leaf beetle incidence Observe the type of inflorescence and score it Inflorescence type-Estimation The vigour of the vine and leaves of the new plant. vigor PVigor Plant Vigor Plant Appearance of boiled yam-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat 0-4 general scale Hairiness of stem stmhair hairiness Stem Stem hairiness Proportion Proportion of emerged plants PPE Proportion of plants /sprouts emerged in a plot Plant or sprout RDTW Rotten tuber weight Weight of rotten/diseased tubers Rotten Tuber Weight Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of small size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Small size yam fresh weight per plant-computation datcross Crossing date pollination time Plant Date crossing or pollination attempted number of fruits Dry rot presence Yam tuber dry rot presence Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dryrot Tuber tuber number/plant Canopy architecture - Estimation Determination of predominant canopy architecture Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh oxidation intensity Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Tuber Intoxd SPNAB Intensity of spines on stem (vine) above base of mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Spines on stem density Spine density Compute the ∆E2000 between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Mean color difference between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Number of plant Fruit FrtDev Fruit development status on monoecious and female flower of dioeciouse yam plant status Status of fruit development 1-2 scale Hairiness of tuber bark - Estimation Record the intensity of tuber hairs or secondary roots on the surface of harvested tubers Tuber Dry matter content Proportion of dry matter in the tuber. Tuber dry matter content TubDMC HAIRSP hairiness Sprout hairiness Hairs on sprout (vines) Sprout sdgerm Seeds germinated Seed germinated Number Quanity of sown true (botanical) seeds germinated per cross or family Number of Leaves - Computation Count the number of leaves on at least five young plants in a plot at 30 days after emergence and record the average weight Medium tuber Medium size tuber weight per plant Weight of medium size tuber yam per plant WMTPL Averaged growth cycle duration expressed in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence (i.e. 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Median senescence computed from inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting. Time at 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5% emergence and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Count the number of pollinated spikes per female parent per cross Pollinated spike number - Estimation Duration from median emergence to 5% senescence of subplot - Computation Averaged senescence earliness expressed in days from median emergence to 5% senescence (i.e. 95% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Dormancy period TubDorm Tuber Tuber dormancy period Tuber dormancy period Measure the length of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg ) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of medium size tubers-Computation Record the date when all plants in a plot shows a sign of 100% foliage senescence Foliage senescence time - Estimation uniteless texture Boiled yam texture Boiled yam txtboiledyam The physical attributes of boiled yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Medium size tubers weight per plot Weight of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) in a net plot or unit area MTW Medium tuber Weight Seed germination rate A proportion of sown true (botanical) seed which germinate and produce seedling Seed germRate germination rate Root knot severity caused by Meloidogyne spp. Tuber Root knot nematode severity Root knot nematode severity RKNSev Bulbil yield Yield Aerial tuber Bulbyld Yield of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest 0-9 scale Compute the sum of all category/size tubers (big, medium, small and rotten/diseased) in a net plot Total tuber harvested number-computation Tbrappr Tuber Appearance Tuber surface look in relation to presence or absence of roots, thorns and sprouted buds on the tuber surface Tuber appearance Tuber surface texture - Estimation Record the smoothness or roughness of tuber skin in visual scale Measure the length of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of small size tubers-Computation Boiled yam brownness Brownness Boiled root surface Brown colour of product after cooking BoilYamBrow Number of emerged plants Plant or sprout Number Number of an emerged plants (sprouts) in a plot NEP Big size tubers yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Big tuber yield Big size yam yield BTYld Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of medium size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Medium size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Plant or sprout First emergence time First sprout emergence time Time to the first sprout (plant) emerge in a plot TIMFSE 50% flowering time - Computation Compute the number of days required from 50% of sprouts in plot emerged to 50% of plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence 1-3 scale Assess the small or odour the pounded yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the pounded yam to eat Aroma of pounded yam-Estimation Date (yyyymmdd) Date crossing-Estimation Record the date crossing made in particular flower of a plant. Number of true seeds sown-counting Record the number of true seeds sown per cross or family This is when the pounded yam sticks or adhere to the fingers when it is touched with fingers or during moulding into bolus for swallowing. Pounded yam stickiness YamHdStic Stickiness Pounded yam Size of corm in relation to tuber Size Corm size Corm corsz Seed sown Quantity of botanical or true seeds sown per family or cross Seeds sown Number Sdsown Stem color - Estimation Record the predominant color of stem on mature plant at five to six month after emergence using a five color scale Compute the number of days required from fruit set to fruit phyisological maturity Fruit maturity time - Computation Tuber number/plot Stmht Stem Stem height height Height or the length of stem Seedling Tsurvrat Survival rate Establishment rate of seedlings four weeks after transplanting operation Seedling transplant survival rate Compute the average tuber width of all size measurement taken in a net plot Tuber wideth-computation Weight Small size tubers weight per plot STW Weight of small size tubers ( <0.5kg ) in a net plot or unit area Small tuber Calculated as total tuber weight per plot divided by total number of tubers per plot Average tuber weight -computation Fruits harvested number - Counting Record the number of harvested fruits per cross Fruit set number - Computation Compute the fruit set number as proportion of pollinated flowers developing or setting a fruit and expressed in % Record absence or presence of spines on a sprout (vine) Spines on sprout base-estimation Leaf Leaf shape of plants Leaf shape shape Lfshp Hardness of cutting or breaking BoilYamHdHard Boiled yam hardness Boiled root Force required to cut/break with fork 0-1 scale Compute the average of the period from emergence to first true leaf appearance on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Duration of heterophylly period - Computing Number of big size tubers that weighing ?1 kg in a net plot or unit area Big size tubers per plot NBTP Big tuber Number Number Dryrot Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Tuber Plant Duration from emergence to first true leaf Mean duration between fisrt emergence and first true leaf apprearance on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Heterophylly duration Take count of well established plants in a plot usually at two months after planting Number of well established plants -Counting Presence of fiber strand-Estimation Score the presence or absence of ?ber strands on pounded yam % Number of stems (vines) with leaves and branches per plant Nstem number Stem Stems per plant Period from 5% to 95% emergence Computation of the substraction between the necessary time before 95% and 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Medium size tuber length Length Mtbrleng Average length of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Medium tuber Fruit Times fruit formation or set on monoeciuse or femal flowers of dioeciouse yam plants Fruiting ability Frtset Time to fruit setting Purpleness Boiled yam purpleness BoilYamPurp Boiled root surface Purple colour tending to pink after cooking Colour YamCol Pounded yam colour Pounded yam The degree of whiteness of the pounded yam sample like a plain white paper or white flip chart/colour of boiled egg albumen, or Colour of the pounded yam comparable to that of Soymilk or “Eba” from white “Gaari”, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to that of greyness covering a boiled egg yolk, or colour of pounded yam, or colour of pounded yam comparable to that of evaporated liquid milk such as Peak milk, or colour of pounded yam comparable to boiled egg yolk that is light in colour, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to deep colour of Yellow maize, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour whole wheat meal or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour of carton paper. Presence of cataphylles during early stage Plant Presence Heterophylly presence Leaf width - computation Measure the width from the widest part of leaf using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average width Canopy Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Growth vigor Crop vigor Smoothness scale 0-10 Observe the optical color or pigementation of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of boiled yam-Estimation 1-4 scale G.Arnau Shape regularity estimation 0-2 Cirad Texture in the hand mouldability method Sample is put in the hands and moulded Small size tuber weight per plant Weight WSTPL Small tuber Weight of small size yam per plant 1-3 scale Quantity of Female Flowers which has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent Pollinated florets number number NpollF Inflorescence Presence of bulbils or aerial tubers in the nodes of the vines Aerial tuber Presence of bulbil Bulbil presence Bulbil Compute the average of the number of nodes carrying cataphylles on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Nodes carrying cataphylles - Counting Leaf length - computation Measure the length from lobes to the tip using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant and at leat five plants on a plot), and record the average length TIMLE Time to first leaf emergence Time to the first leaf emergence on a plant or sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot emergence time Leaf Stbrleng Length Small size tuber length Average length of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small tuber G.Arnau Visually inspect sample surface Appearance method Cirad Tuber shape quantitative computation Stickiness of pounded yam - Estimation Score the sticknes or adhesiveness of pounded yam to consumern fingur using sensory test panelist Appearance method Observe the surface of product and evaluate the frequency/number of the black points 1-5 general scale Number of internodes to first branching Stem internode number NINFB Number of internodes to first branchs on a plant Corm type-Estimation Record the corm type as regular, transversally elongated or brached using scale Corm on tubers-Estimation Score corm status of tubers using a binary scale NESP Number of well established plants ( plants growing with good vigour and without severe constraints) in a plot Plant Number Established plants Bitterness after taste 0-100 Compute the number of days required for 50% of the plants in a plot showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Computation number Vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted NVP Plant Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per plot divided by size of effective harvest plot mutiplied by 10 Big size yam yield no adjusted- Computation Big yam tuber average weight-computation Calculated as weight of big size tubers per plot divided by total number of big size tubers per plot Number of bulbil Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Number Aerial tuber Bulbp Color difference bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter yam flour Tuber flour protein content content Tuber flour protein content Tuber Average length of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Tuber length Tbrleng Purpleness scale 0-100 Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing mature fruits Fruit index Anthracnose severity caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. The reaction of plants in a plot to anthracnose infestation (blight or leaf spot) under screenhouse or in the field under natural infestation or artificial inoculation YADS Plant Yam anthracnose disease severity Anthracnose severity number of florets Growth duration Time from median emergence to 5% senescence Senescence earliness Canopy Microscopy image analysis Microscopy (10x) image analysis of iodin colored yam tuber flour (0.5mm) Record date the last seed germination observed per cross or family Date end of seed germination-Estimation Observe the optical color or pigementation of pounded yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the status of foliage senescence (leaf or vine yellowing) of plants in plot at 6 month onward and rate the maturity status Senescence- Estimation Record appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface at harvest Crazy roots presence on tubers at harvest-Estimation Count the number of tubers (seed yams or setts) planted per plot (unit area) Tubers (seed yams or setts) planted - Counting Stem diameter diameter Stem STMDM Stem diameter of a mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Intensity of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber thorniness intensity Thorn or spine intesity Tuber ThornInt Tuber oxidation-Estimation Record time in minutes lasted for cut tuber flesh to become or not oxidized and score in scale Big size yam fresh weight per plant- computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of big size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Granuliness in mouth Boiled yam granuleness BoilYamMthGran Boiled root Refers to the presence of small grains during chewing Plant Plntype growth habit Plant type A tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread starch starchbrk Yam starch breakdown The breakdown of yam starch extracted from fresh tubers were determined using a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA-TecMaster, Perten Instruments, Australia) Tuber 1-3 general scale Aroma of boiled yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the boiled yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the boiled yam to eat Tuber Weight Average tuber weight in kg ATW Average tuber weight Boiled yam stickness BoilYamHdStick Property related to the adhesion of the product between the fingers Boiled root Stickness in hand Observe and record the fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the head portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color head portion - Estimation Measure the length or height of stem or vine of at least five mature plants in a plot using measuring tape at five to six months after sprout emergence and record the average Stem height - computation Record the weight of small size ( < 500 gm) tubers in a net plot Small size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Assess the leaf beetle infestation at two and five months after planting and record its severity Leaf beetle severity - Estimation number of seed Cirad The pounded yam is touched and pulled apart with the fingers Flesh oxidation quantitative computation Texture in the hand stretchabilitymethod G.Arnau Internode length -computation Measure the internode length of five plants before senescence at 1 meter height and record the average Record appearance of cracks on tuber surface as absent, few and many Cracks on the tuber surface-Estimation Compute the proportion of anthracnose damaged individuals or their parts , commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Count anthracnose disease ?blight? or leaf spot affected plants in plot twice (First inspection at 10 to 12 weeks post planting and second inspection after 2 to 4 weeks before harvesting ) and compute the proportion of damanged Anthracnose incidence - Estimation Percentage Compute number of growing degree days required from planting (or 50% emergence) to 50% foliage senescence or maturity. Growing degree days to maturity-Estimation Tuber hairiness Presence of secondary roots on the tuber bark hairiness Tuber RTBS Times to 50% spout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date 50% of sprouts or plants in a plot emerged Sprout Latency before emergence Period duration from planting to first sprouts emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 5th percentile emergence sprouts in a plot Seeds set - Comp Take count of the number of seeds set on each fruits and record the average seeds per fruit Presence of colored spots at the spine base of sprouted shoots (vine) with spines Presence of spot on spine base Spine colored spot SPBCOL Plant Proportion of established plants STRATE Proportion of plants in a plot well established (plantsgrowing with good vigour and without severe constraints) Proportion Record the uniformity of tuber flesh cross-section color using visual scale at fresh cut during harvest Tuber flesh cross section color uniformity-estimation vein color Leaf Vein color lveincol Color or pigmentation of leaf vein Dry rot severity Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Yam tuber dry rot severity Dryrot cm Compute average number of internodes to first branching of at least five plants internode counts taken in a plot Number of internode-computation Basic bitter taste like small quantity of quinine or caffeine in water BoilYamBitt Boiled root Bitterness Boiled yam bitterness AWBT Big tuber Average weight of big size tubers in kg Weight Average weigth of big size tuber Foliage senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Plant Senescence time TIMfsen SPNSP Presence of spines on sprout (vines) Spine on sprout Spines on sprout presence Presense Medium size tubers harvested number- counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ? 500 gm and <1 kg harvested per effective plot Establishment rate Establishment rate of seedlings sderat Seedling Seedling Establishment rate GDD°C days Observe the presence or absence of cataphylle Presence of cataphylle Times to the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Computation Compute the number of days required from first sprout emergence to the first leaf to emerge on a sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Tuber flesh oxidation color-Estimation Record the flesh enzymatic oxidation color using color scale Nodes carrying cataphylle per plant Visual assessment of the plant vigour in a plot at two month after planting Plant Vigor - Estimation 50% fruit set time-Estimation Record the date fruit set in 50% of plants in a plot Averaged crop vigor expressed in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover in subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 80% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover of subplot - Computation Colour scale 1-9 Measure the length and width of tuber using measuring tape and record the length /with ratio Shape of tuber - computation txtpoundedyam texture The physical attributes of pounded yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Pounded yam Pounded yam texture germstart Seed germination starting time Seeds germination start time Time the first seed germination occurred Big tuber Average width of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Btbrwd Big size tuber width Seed Seed index is an estimation of pollinated flowers producing seeds Seed index seed set ratio 0-1 binary scale Compute average of the number of stems (vines) per established plants in a plot Number of stems per plant-computation Record date when plant/s having the first inflorescence in a plot First inflorescence time - Estimation Polltyp Pollination type Flower pollination type Mode of plant to plant pollen transfer corsep Corm separation from tuber separation Corm separability from tuber Corm Big size yam yield adjusted-computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per per plant mutiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by yam anthracnose disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected.It is visual score in scale under screenhouse, artificial inoculation or under field natural infestation. For artificial inoculation use a suspension of three most virulent strains of Colletothrichum gloeosporioides and inoculate the plants raised from vine cutting in vertical sack or other means by spraying. For natural infestation, scores can be taken 10 to 12 weeks after planting and second scoring about 4-6 weeks before harvesting . Artificial inoculation should be scored at 3 days after inoculation(DAI) , and repeated at 7DAI, 11DAI and 15DAI Anthracnose severity - Estimation Compute the weight to harvested bulbils per plant Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per plant-computation Time 50% of sprout emergence-Estimation Record date 50% of sprouts in a plot emerged Tuber TTWP Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers harvested in a net plot weight Total fresh tuber weight per plot Sex sex Flower Predominat plant or flower sex Plant sex Tuber Tuber flesh oxidation color Oxidation color Surface color resulting of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation Foxdc Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Estimation Record date of 50% plants in a plot are showing foliage senescence Observe the arrangement of leaves on stem or vine and rate it Leaf position - Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of pouned yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Appearance of pounded yam-Estimation weight Big tuber Big size tuber weight per plant Weight of big size tubers per plant WBTPL Softness is when it is quite easy to compress the sample, while hardness is when force is used to compress the sample or takes effort to compress the sample Hardness Pounded yam hardness Pounded yam YamHdHar Txf Tuber flesh texture Tuber flesh texture Texture of tuber flesh Compute the yellow index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh yellow index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Property related to the number of chews necessary to swallow the product Ease of chewing BoilYamMthChew Boiled root Boiled yam easiness to chew Tuber flesh The surface browness of the yam tuber flesh Browness of the Tuber flesh colour color Springiness sprgpdym Distance to which the deformed material can be sretchable Pounded yam Springiness of pounded yam Leaf color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf on a young plant Seed index Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing seeds Number of leaves Number The number of leaves on a plant Leaf Nlfyp Starch breakdown-Estimation A 1.7 g portion of starch was mixed with 25 g of distilled water in the RVA sample can, after correction for the original moisture contents of the starches Record the weight of medium size ( ? 500 gm and <1 kg) tubers in a net plot Medium size tubers fresh weight per plot -measurement CRZROOT Appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface presence Crazy roots Crazy roots presence Score the degree to which particles of a pounded yam stick together or how moldable it is using intensity scale Cohesiveness of pounded yam- Estimation Scoring the most frequent flower sex type when more than 50% of the plants are flowered Plant or flower sex-Estimation Boiled yam fibrousness Boiled root Refers to the presence of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye BoilYamHdFibr Fibrousness in hand Score the degree of fruit development in scale Fruit development intensity-Estimation Vestrat Proportion of vine cuttings established well that producing shoots Vine cutting establishment rate establishment rate Plant 1-7 general scale Hardness scale 0-100 Tuber flesh cross-section color uniformity Utfc Tuber cross section Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in cross-section ( from cortex to center) color Texture in the hand smoothness method Sample is pressed firmly between the fingers Time between 5 and 95% senescence Senescence duration Senescence duration Canopy tons/ha 0-1 scale Big size tubers harvested number - counting Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ?1 kg harvested per effective plot The arrangement of flowers on stem or twig of a plant Inft Inflorescence type type Inflorescence Odour of boiled yam BoilYamOdor Yam odour Boiled root Boiled yam Yam flavor plants per plot Boiled root surface Both inner and outer colour can range from light yellowish (off-white) to white (pure white) Whiteness Boiled yam whiteness BoilYamWhit number of tubers Enzymatic oxidation rate Tuber flesh oxidation Tuber Tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation rate Tfoxd Length of time toward crop maturity Mat Plant Time to maturity Maturity time Tuber flesh color middle portion - Estimation Observe and record the fresh cut flesh surface color at the middle part of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color lower or tail portion- Estimation Observe and record fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the tail portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Datfsen Senescence time Foliage senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Plant MbugInc Tuber Incidence of mealybug tuber infestation. Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Computation of inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from planting to median emergence Score the severity of dry rot in harvested tubers Tuber dry rot severity - Estimation Number Medium size tubers per plant NMTPL Medium tuber Number of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) per plant Stretchability scale 0-10 Score the length oxidation (from head) and the length tuber and record the oxidation length / length tuber ratio Flesh oxidation - computation Internode length length Stem internode Intndlngth Internode length Record date of first spout emergence in a plot Time first sprout emergence-Estimation germend germination ending time Seed Time last seed germination occurred Seeds germination end time Fruit index is an estimation of pollinated flowers developing physiologically mature fruits fruiting ratio Fruit Fruit index Seedling establishment rate-computation Compute the proportion of seedlings per family (cross) establish well and ready for transplanting, usually recorded at five weeks after sowing. Smoothness Smoothness of pounded yam Pounded yam smthpdym Smoothnessof the material, i.e., absence of lumps Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Color difference bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Pounded yam Cohesiveness Cohesiveness of pounded yam Degree to which particles of a sample stick together or how moldable it is cohpdym Brownness scale 0-100 Measure the weight of N planted tubers (seed yams or setts) and record the average Setts or seed yams planted weight - Computation Bulbil initiaition time - Estimation Record date when 50% of plants in a plot begin producing bulbils or aerial tubers Tuber thorniness intensity-Estimation Record the degree of thorns or spines on tuber surface in visual scale Property of the product to crumble or break between the fingers Crumbness in hand Boiled root Boiled yam crumbness BoilYamHdCrum Elapsed time between time of 5th and 95th percentiles emergence sprouts in a plot Emergence vigor Period duration from first to last sprouts emergence Sprout Texture of boiled yam-Estimation Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when boiled yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand VirusSev Plant Virus severity Virus severity Grade of reaction of the plant to the viruses infection, varying from mottle, mosaics until total leaves deformation Computed as total tuber weight per plot divided by size of net or effective harvest plot and result multiplied by 10 Tuber yield no adjusted- Computation Number of small size tubers that weighing <0.5kg in a net plot or unit area Small size tubers per plot Small tuber Number NSTP Sprout color color Color of the sprout (vine and leaves). SprtCol Sprout 0-3 scale Flowering intensity - Estimation Record the abundance or intesity of flowering when more than 50% of the plants are flowered in a plot 1-5 scale Tuber length-Computation Compute average tuber length of all size tubers measurement taken in a net plot Petiole length Length of petiole Petiole Lengh petlngth 50% flowering time TIMFL Plant Time to 50% flowering Time when 50% of the plants flower in a plot Period duration from planting to 50% sprout emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 50% emergence sprouts in a plot Sprout Earliness of emergence Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by virus disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected using visual five ordinal scale . Predominant severity per plot must be registered at least thrice : 8 to 10 weeks after planting, 4 to 6 weeks after first scoring and the last scoring at 4 to 6 weeks after the second scoring Viruses infection severity - Estimation Width of leaf Leaf Leaf Width lfwdt width Leaf apex shape-Estimation Record leaf apex shape of mature plants in a plot Texture in the hand hardness method Sample is pressed with the index finger Tuber shape regularity Regularity of tuber shape Tuber Shape regularity kg Number NTP Tubers planted Number of seed tubers planted in a plot or unit area Seed tuber Medium tuber Length Average width of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Mtbrwd Medium size tuber width Tuber Tuber beetle severity Tubtlsev Severity of tuber beetle damage. Tuber beetle severity YADI Anthracnose incidence Anthracnose incidence caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. % of anthracnose ?blight? or leaf spotaffected plants in a plot Plant Yam anthracnose disease incidence After breaking or cutting, breaking or crumbling, evaluate the intensity of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Texture in the hand method Tuber dry rot incidence - Computation Compute the proportion dry rot tubers from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot Fruits/cross Fibrousness scale 0-100 Compute the proportion of plants with leaf beetle damage from the total number of plants in the effective plots on leaf beetle damange record taken twice(at two and five months after planting date) Leaf beetle incidence - Computation Lfden density Leaf Leaf density Variation in leaf mass of the plant Mealybug tuber severity estimation on infested tubers at time harvesting Mealybug tuber severity - Estimation Fruit harvesting time- Estimation Record the date of fruits harvest in a crossing block or from plant Hardness scale 0-10 Compute the number of days required from sprout emergence or planting to when all plants had fully senesced Foliage senescence time - Computation cortyp Corm type Corm Type Corm type Number Branch number branch Number of branches above ground Branch yam flour Tuber flour starch content Tuber flour starch content content Exsistence of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber thorniness Thorniness Tuber Thorn TIMFlrin Time of the first flower initiation on a plant/s in a plot or any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Flower initiation time Time to flower initiation Plant Number of bulbil - Computation Count number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils on plants in a net plot and compute the average number bulbils per plant Weight of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) in a net plot or unit area BTW Weight Big tuber Big size tubers weight per plot DateFH Time of fruit harvesting Harvesting ime Fruit Time to fruit harvesting Twining direction-Estimation Record the twining or climbing direction of the vine Flower initaition time - Computation Computing the number of days required from first sprout emergence to first flower initiation Big size tuber length Big tuber Btbrleng Length Average length of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area aroma Boiled yam aroma arombldyam The sense of smell or odor of boiled yam that reaches the nose before eating or the boiled yam reaches the mouth Boiled yam Record the predominant color of the sprouts (plant) per plot at 20 days after emergence Sprout color - estimation Crumbness scale 0-100 0-7 scale 1-9 scale Ability of the pounded yam to stick together easily without disintegrating or cohesive and being easy to mould. YamHdMoul Mouldability/cohesiveness Pounded yam Pounded yam mouldability/cohesiveness Visual assessment of the tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain mature height and spread Plant type-Estimation TTYNA yield Total tuber yield nonadjusted tons per hectare Tuber Total tuber yield Score taste of pounded yam using sensory test panalist Taste of pounded yam - Estimation Granuliness 0-100 Assess the proportion of sprouted tubers at different time interval (once a week) from harvesting up to three months after harvesting and rate the dormancy period in scale Dormancy period -Estimation Aerial tuber Bulbwtp Weight Bulbil weight Weight of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Fruits developed number - Counting Record the number of developed fruits or fruit set in pollinated flowers/inflorescence Canopy Growth cycle length Time between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Growth cycle length Measure the width of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of small size tubers-Computation Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing less than 500 gm harvested per effective plot Small size tubers harvested per plot number - counting CTBRS Cracks Tuber Tuber cracks Cracks on tuber surface plant per plot Stem Stmcol Stem color The surface color of stem color method_of Average width of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Small size tuber width Stbrwd Small tuber Taste method After swallowing, observe the feeling or sensation of the bitter taste on the tongue and assess its intensity Bitterness after taste Boiled yam bitter after taste Boiled root BoilYamBitteraft During chewing, bitter taste after swallowing, eg there is a light bitter aftertaste Record the tendency of vine to twine or climb Twining habit-Estimation Tuber Incidence of tuber beetle damage. Tubtlinc Tuber beetle incidence Tuber beetle incidence Root knot nematode severity - Estimation Root knot nematode severity estimation in a range from no symptoms to highly severe galling scored in secondary roots of the plant and tubers adventitious roots. Pollinated spikes number Quantity of Female spikes where flowers has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent Inflorescence number NPollSpk Refers to the presence of small black points on the surface of product Boiled yam surface black points presence Boiled root surface Black points presence BoilYamBlackspo number of bulbils m bulbil/plant Twining direction twining direction Twining direction twndir Vine TNTP Total tubers per plot Number Tuber Number of total (all size) tubers in a net plot or unit area Compute the proportion tubers showing root knot nematode symptoms from the total number of harvested tubers in effective plot Root knot nematode incidence - Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of vines cuttings survive and producing shoots from the total of planted vine cuttings Vines established-computation Plant Mean number of nodes carrying cataphylles on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Number of nodes carrying cataphylles Number TastePndedYam Taste of pounded yam Taste of pounded yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Pounded yam taste Total tuber yield adjusted TTYA yield Total tuber yield adjusted tons per hectare Tuber Fruit developed number Number Fruit per cross Nfrts Quantity of developed fruits per crosses Tuber flesh Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Tuber flesh browning Oxidation intensity mlfcol Leaf The leaf surface color or pigmentation color Leaf color Record time (date) of first flower initiation in a plot or the date any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Flower initaition time - Estimation Leaf position arrangement Arrangement of leaves on stem or vine lfpst Leaf Corm Presence corm Corm on tuber Presence or absence of corm on tuber Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Number Aerial tuber Bulbpl Number of bulbil Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date first sprout or plant in a plot or unit area emerged Times to first sprout emergence-Computation Corm separation from tuber-Estimation Record the corm ability to be separated from tuber in a binary scale Count the emerged plants (sprouts) per plot every week starting from first plant/sprout emergence date till the last plant or spourt emerge in a plot Emerged sprouts -Counting Tuber Tuber size TbrSz Tuber size Size Plant Inflorescence initiation time TIMinflor Time of first inflorescence initiation Inflorescence initiation time Tuber surface appearance - Estimation Observe the appearance of roots, thones and srout buds on surface of harvested tubers and make visual score using scale Root knot nematode incidence Root knot incidence caused by Meloidogyne spp. Tuber Root knot nematode damage incidence RKNInc Subplot maximum ground cover from weekly image analysis - Computation Averaged maximum ground cover over two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Maximum ground cover computed from ground cover dynamic modeled using time to event Beta Growth model. Fruit set Fruit set number Proportion Intensity or proportion of fruit set or development under open or controlled pollination. NFrtSet TIMsen Time to 50% foliage senescence Time when 50% of the plants in a plot are showing signs of foliage senescence Plant 50% Senescence time Computed as total tubers weight per plant multiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Total tuber yield adjusted-computation Secondary sprouting SecSP Secondary sprouting Sprout Emergence of secondary sprouts on a plant Whiteness scale 0-100 colbldyam Boiled yam color color Optical color or pigmentation of boiled yam Boiled yam Black spots presence scale 0-100 weight Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers per plant TTWPL Tuber Total tuber weight per plant Record date the first seed germination observed per cross or family Time of first seed germination-Estimation number NPH Haversted plant Number of plants harvested Stand harvested number Fibrousness of pounded yam Pounded yam Presenceof ?ber strands fbrpdym Presence of fiber strands scale_of Lfbtsev Leaf beetle severity Severity of leaf beetle damage. Leaf Leaf beetle damage severity Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dry rot incidence Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dryrot 1-4 score Fruit set number - Estimation Assess the fruit number as fruiting intensity in categorical scale when more than 50% of the plants set fruits Tuber beetle severity - Estimation Tuber beetle severity or intensity estimated usually as number of nymph present in tubers at harvesting time. Plant or sprout Time to 50% sprouts (plants) emerge in a plot 50% sprout emergence time TIMSE 50% emergence time Small size tubers per plant-Computation Compute the number of small size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of small size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants colpoundedyam Optical color or pigmentation of pounded yam Pounded yam color Pounded yam color Pouned yam Pounded yam aroma The sense of smell or odor of pounded yam that reaches the nose before eating or the pounded yam reaches the mouth arompoundedyam aroma Leaf density - Estimation Observe the leaf abundance or mass on a mature plant and rate the density Tuber flesh texture-Estimation Record the texture of tuber flesh using scale Petiole length - Computation Measure the length of petiole using measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average length Tuber Place of roots on tubers Prtbs Roots position Position of appearance of roots at surface of tubers Tbrfclr The surface color of the yam tuber flesh color Tuber flesh Tuber flesh color Medium size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of medium size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of medium size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants number of branch Compute the proportion of sown true or botanical seed which germinate and produce seedling ready for transplant , usually observed at three weeks after sowing. Germination rate - Computation TWNH twining habit Plant Tendency of climbing or trailling Twining habit Bulbil yield (Plot weight) - Measurement Record the fresh weight of harvested bulbil or aerial tuber per net plot Number of bulbil - Counting Count the number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils produced per net plot. Canopy Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Taste of boiled yam-Estimation Feel the taste of boiled yam in mouth and make sensory score using scale how pleasing to the taste TbrSh Shape Tuber Tuber shape Tuber predominant shape Bitterness 0-100 Select at least five random whole tubers from a net plot and cut small slices (1-2 mm) from proximal, middle and distal portion and mixed thoroughly. Record fresh weight and determin dry weight of samples by drying at 70∞C for 72 h in a forced air oven. A proportion between the dry weight and the fresh weight is calculated. Tuber dry matter content - Computation Stickness scale 0-10 Crop cover compactness Canopy Crop folliage compactness Architecture Sprout length-computation Compute the average sprout length of five representative plants measurement taken in a plot Tuber flesh Tuber flesh color The surface color of the yam tuber flesh color Reaction of the total plants per plot to the virus infection, producing yellow mottle, mosaic and leaves deformation Virus incidence VirusInc Plant Virus incidence Count the number of rotten and/or diseased tubers in effective plot Rotten tubers in a plot number-counting Score the intensity of tuber flesh oxidation (flesh surface color change) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using scale Tuber flesh oxidation intensity-Estimation Leaf hairiness - Estimation Assess hairiness of leaf surface (lower part) 1-5 scale Smoothness YamHdSmot Absence of lumps Pounded yam Pounded yam smoothness NIRS model prediction - computation Prediction of sugar content using NIRS spectra (FOSS 6500) of tuber flour sample Hair on stem - Estimation Observe the presence or absence of hairs on stem surface 0-2 scale Observe the femal flowering intensity or abudance per inflorences and rate Femal flowers abundance or intensity per inflorescence-Estimation Tuber surface texture Tbrtxtur Tuber Tuber surface smoothness texture Duration between 5 and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation Averaged senescence period duration expressed in days between 5 and 95% senescence (i.e. 95% and 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% and 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. kg/plant number of fruit Bulbil shape Bulbsp Shape Aerial tuber Predominant shape of the bulbils Assess the color of leaf vein on the upper surface Vein color - Estimation µm 0-2 scale Record existance of hairs on a sprout (vine) Hairiness of sprout - Estimation Pounded yam appearance apppoundedyam The optical appearance of pouned yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of pounded yam structure appearance Pounded yam Compute number of days required from sprout emergence to 50% of plants in a plot start forming bulbils or aerial tubers Bulbil initiation time - Computation 1-5 scale Tastebldyam Taste of boiled yam when eaten without any additional complementary food taste Boiled yam Boiled yam taste Record time of the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vine) Time of first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Estimation End of flowering time - Estimation Record time (date) when the plant does not produce more new flowers in a plot Record leaf shape of mature plants in a plot Leaf shape-Estimation Tuber flesh brown index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the brown index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tsdh Number of true seed harvested or obained per cross or family True seed Number True seeds harvested Leaf length Length of leaf Leaf length lflngth Record the total number of true seed or botanical seed harvested or obtained per cross or family Quantity of true seed harvested -Counting Canarc architecture Organisation or structural arrangements of branchs and leaves distribution giving a specific shape to the above ground part of the plant Canopy Canopy architecture Fruit maturity time - Estimation Record the date 90% of the developed fruits shows sign of physiological maturity (turning brown) Record the presence and absence of bulbils (aerial tubers) in the vines of yam plant Presence of bulbil - Estimation Viruses infection incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of virus symptomatic individuals or their parts or commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Take virus incidence recording thrice: First inspection at 8 to 10 weeks after planting and second inspection after 4 to 6 weeks after first inspection for virus symptoms and the third and final inspection 4 to 6 weeks after the second inspection . Big size tubers yield adjusted tons per hectare yield BTYA Big size tuber yield adjusted Big tuber kg/plot Flrint Abundance or degree of flowering Plant flowering intensity Flowering intensity Leaf llfhair Leaf hairiness Hairiness of leaf surface hairiness Bulbil shape-Estimation Record shape of bulbils or aerial tubers in scale Weight Weight of seed tubers (whole seed yams or setts ) planted in a plot or per unit area. Planting material from a tuber is called sett. Seed tuber could be either small, healthy whole tuber or large tubers cut into pieces (sett) Weight of planted tubers WTP Seed tuber Emerged sprouts or plants proportion-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of plants/sprouts emerged as the number of emerged plants/sprouts divided by the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted in a plot multiplied by 100 Record the method used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same or different plant of the same species Pollination type-Estimation Rotten tuber fresh weight per plot - Measurement Record weight of rotten and/or diseased tubers harvested in a net plot Record the weight of big size ( ?1 kg) tubers in a net plot Big size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement NBTPL Big tuber number Big size tubers per plant Number of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) per plant Dry rot presence on harvested tubers-Estimation Observe the occurance or presence of dry rot caused by nematods (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) on harvested tubers and record the presence and absence Scale insect infestation scale insect infestation Tuber Scalisec Scale insect infestation on tubers at harvest Position of root appearance on tubers-Estimation Record position of appearance of roots at surface to tubers Basic light sugary taste like a little glucose or sucrose in water solution Boiled yam sweetness Sweetness BoilYamSweet Boiled root color Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in longitudinal section Tuber flesh Tuber flesh uniformity Record the number of germinated seedlings per cross or family Number of germinated seedling-Counting Stem diameter-computation Measure the stem diameter at 15 cm above the base of five plants before senescence in a plot and record the average Texture of pounded yam-Estimation Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when pouned yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Average width of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Wideth Tuber Tbrwd Tuber width Tuber flesh white index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the white index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Record corm size in relation to tuber size using three scale Corm size-Estimation 50% flowering time - Estimation Record time (date) 50% plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Sprout Sprout length length Spleng Length of sprouted shoots (vines) Count the numeber vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted -counting gm/sett Period from planting to 5% emergence Computation of the necessary time before 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting appboiledyam Boiled yam appearance appearance Boiled yam The optical appearance of boiled yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of boiled yam structure Sweetness 0-100 Maturity time Fruit TIMFrtM Times 90% of fruits attain physiological maturity Time to fruit maturity Yellowness of the Flesh colour color Tuber flesh The surface yellowness of the yam tuber flesh Tuber thorniness - Estimation Record the presence or absence of thorns or spines on the tuber skin in visual scale 0-4 scale Tuber flour sugar content content Tuber flour sugar content yam flour fflrint Female flowering intensity abondance Intensity or abudance of female flowers on spikes/infloresences Flower Observe and score scale insect infestation on tuber at harvest Scale insect infestation - Estimation rvt Measure the width of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using vernier calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of big size tubers-Computation Dry rot tuber number-counting Take count of dry rot tubers per plot at harvest Measure the length of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Length of big size tubers-Computation 1-5 scale 1-7 scale Measure the length of internode at 1m height on five (5) plants and record the average Internode length - computation duration Aerial tuber Time to bulbil initiation TIMbulb Bulbil initiation time Score the distance to which the deformed material can be or degree of stretchabiliy pounded yam in intesity scale Springiness of pounded yam-Estimation Count the number of branches above ground on at least five mature plants in a plot and record the average Number of branchs - computation Ratio between subplot ground cover area and its respective convex hull area - Computation Averaged crop cover compactness over two subplots images around time of 50% of maximum ground cover. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 50% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Images choosen as near as possible of date of time at 50% of maximum growth . Compactness computed as the ration between ground cover area (pixels) and its respective convex hull area (pixels). SdSet Seeds set per fruit number Set seed per Fruit Number of seeds developed per fruit after hand flowers pollination Measure the flesh surface color of tuber (head, middle and tail portion) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using colorimeter (a color spectrophotometer) or standard color chart. Tuber flesh color reading -measurement Take a whiff and evaluate the intensity of yam odour Odour method Yam odour scale 0-100 StickPndedYam Stickiness of pounded yam The degree to which the pounded yam is adhesive or stick to the fingure, mouth surface and teeth Stickiness Pounded yam Total tubers per plant-computation Compute as the total number of tubers in a net plot divided by the number of harvested plant per net plot Count the number of pollinated florets per female parent per cross Floret pollinated number - Counting Put the product between the molars and mash it to assess the number of chews before swallowing Texture in the mouth method 1-5 scale TNTPL Number of tubers harvested per plant Number Total tubers per plant Tuber Stickness scale 0-100 Counting the number of plants where tubers were harvested in a plot Plant harvested number - Counting Record emergence of new secondary sprouts from the planted seed tuber/sett in a plot at three months after planting Secondary sprouting - estimation Tuber shape - Estimation Determination of the predominant shape in the entire family/plot as a unit Big size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of big size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of big size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of all categroy/size tubers taken in a plot to the number of harvested plant in a net plot Total tuber fresh weight per plant-computation FrtHvstN Fruit per cross Fruits harvested number Number of harvested fruits per cross after physiological maturity Number Compute the proportion tubers with tubers beetle damage from the total number of harvested tubers in the effective plot at harvesting time. Tuber beetle incidence - Computation Computed the yield of bulbil per hectare using the formula. Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per hectar- Computation Compute the sum all category or size of tubers (Big, medium, small size, and rotten and diseased) fresh weight per plot Total tuber fresh weight per plot -computation Observe fruit setting or formation of female flowers of monoeciouse and dieciouse plants and rate the ability set for form fruits Ability to set or form fruts-Estimation number of spikes variable_of Compute the proportion tubers infested with mealybugs from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot at time of harvesting. Mealybug tuber incidence - Computation Colored spots on spine base-Estimation Record of the existance of colored spot at base of spines on a sprout (vine) Compute the proportion of seedlings survived or established well after transplant operation Seedling tranplant survival rate-computation Measure the width of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg )from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of medium size tubers-Computation Number SE Plant Foliage senescence or maturity class Maturity class Senescence Chewingness scale 0-100