Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flesh color computation Fruit development status estimation 1-2 A.Amele IITA Medium stickiness 5 A.Amele Average tuber weight computation in kg IITA Monoecious male (m>f) 3 Duration of heterophyllic period computation in days after planting Cirad D.Cornet IITA Leaf length measurement in cm A.Amele Tuber oxidation estimation 1-3 Oxid A.Amele IITA IITA Proportion of emerged plants (sprouts) computation/% Ratiosp A.Amele, A. Lopez-Mentes Medium stretchability 5 intermediate 2 1 dislikeextremely Not mooldable 0 Rough 2 Boiled yam hardness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin IITA A.Amele Cohesiveness estimation 1-3 IITA Spines on sprout presence estimation nominal 0&1 A.Amele Fruit set number estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes IITA FRTINT 1 No visible symptoms of anthracnose disease or infection spot on the leaf surface Cirad Starch grain size computation D.Cornet A.Amele IITA Tuber thorniness intensity estimation 0-7 A.Amele IITA Smoothness estimation 1-3 Taste estimation 1-5 Con_Taste_PY A. Lopez-Montes IITA Big tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam brownness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi Light brown 8 sweet 4 A. Lopez-Montes AnthracSev IITA yam anthracnose disease severity estimation in 1-5 SETW A. Lopez-Montes IITA Weight of planted tubers computation/ gm Stbrwt IITA Weight of small tubers per plot measurement in kg A.Amele Dorm Tuber dormancy period estimation A. Lopez-Montes IITA IITA Seeds germinated counting A.Amele Cirad Earliness of emergence computation in number of days from planting to 50% sprouts emergence D.Cornet D.Cornet Tuber flesh color gradient computation Cirad YamMoul_Meas_0to10 Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam mouldability scale 0-10 D.Cornet Senescence earliness computation in days from median emergence to 5% senescence Cirad Dayflrin A. Lopez-Montes Fower initiation time computation in days IITA Tuber size estimation 1-3 A. Lopez-Montes IITA TUBSIZE Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamStic_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam stickness scale 0-10 0 Off white IITA Sprout color estimation 1-5 SPCOLO A. Lopez-Montes A.Amele Root position estimation 1-4 IITA IITA A.Amele Weight of small tuber per plant computation kgplant Tuber flesh yellowness computation Cirad D.Cornet A.Amele Vine cuttings planted count IITA High 7 A.Amele IITA Total tubers per plot computation A.Amele Lower surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 IITA A.Amele Twining habit estimation 0-1 TWNH IITA Seedling survival rate percentage IITA A.Amele Stem height measurement in m IITA A.Amele Heterophylly presence estimation nominal 0&1 Cirad D.Cornet A. Lopez-Montes IITA Bulbil initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd Aetbrin 0 Absent IITA Stem color estimatiion 1-5 A.Amele 6 Light yellow Difficult to cut 100 Appearance_BY A.mele Boiled yam appearance estimation 1-5 scale IITA A.Amele First leaf emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA IITA SPRTL A.Amele Sprout length measurement in cm End of seeds germination time estiamtion in yy/mm/dd DAEGR IITA A.Amele Field establishment rate compuation in % A.Amele Estbp-ratio IITA Pollination type estimation 1-4 Pollmech A.Amele IITA Creamy white 2 No_stdh A. Lopez-Montes IITA Plant stand harvested count A. Lopez-Montes IITA Big tuber yield computation in t/ha Cirad D.Cornet Emergence vigor computation in number of days between 5% and 95% sprouts emergence IITA Number of dry rot tubers count A.Amele Seedling establishment rate percentage A. Lopez-Montes IITA sder Times to bulbil initiation computation A.Amele Dayaetbrin IITA FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam sweetness 0-100 IITA A.Amele Number of leaves per plant count IITA Stbrwidth Small tuber width computation in cm A.Amele A.Amele Botseed True seeds harvested/cross counting IITA A.Amele IITA Aetbrshap Shape of bulbil estimation 1-4 A. Lopez-Montes IITA Dayendflr End of flowering time computation in days A.Amele Medium size tuber length computation in cm IITA IITA Tuber flesh color measurement A.Amele Tbrflcolr 1 dislikeextremely Few anthracnose spots or sysmptoms on 1 t0 ~25% of the plant. One or two spots of less than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface 2 4 Light grey Very sticky 10 A. Lopez-Montes Con_Stick_PY IITA Stickiness estimation 1-3 IITA Leaf apex shape estimation 1-3 A.Amele A.Amele GH IITA Plant type estimation 1-3 Flcolr_middle Tuber flesh color middle portion estimation 1-9 A. Lopez-Montes IITA First sprout emergence time computation in days A.Amele Emerday IITA A.Amele Vine cutting establishment rate percentage IITA flcol_uni A.Amele IITA Uniformity of tuber flesh color estimation binary 0&1 Medium mouldability 5 3 Thorny (small prominences ending in a small thorn) dislikeextremely 1 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam odour scale 0-100 IITA Senescence class estimation 1-9 MatC A.Amele 5 like extremely A.Amele Total tuber yield computation in t/ha IITA TubYld A.Amele IITA 50% sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd DtFemer A. Lopez-Montes IITA Flcolr_tail Tuber flesh color lower portion estimation 1-9 Tuber shape estimation 1-4 TUBSHA A. Lopez-Montes IITA Boiled yam crumbness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi 1 White 1 Yes A.Amele Springness estimation 1-2 Strepdym IITA A.mele Taste_BY IITA Boiled yam taste estimation 1-5 scale A.Amele Spines on stem estimation 0-2 IITA entity Sett-N A.Amele Tubers planted counting/plot IITA Number of nodes carrying cataphylles before first true leaf counting/plant Cirad D.Cornet Bulbil presence estimation 0&1 A. Lopez-Montes IITA AeTuber IITA Leaf shape estimation 1-7 A.Amele 2 Many IITA Flesh oxidation color estimation 1-4 A.Amele A. Lopez-Montes IITA Thorn Tuber thorniness estimation 0&1 3 Dark green A.Amele Flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA DtFFlr Fibers 100 A. Lopez-Montes IITA FLRI Flowering intensity estimation 0-9 Mouldable 10 regular 1 No purple 0 frtform Fruit setting estimation 0&1 IITA A.Amele IITA Color_BY A.mele Boiled yam color estimation 1-5 scale Cirad D.Cornet Tuber color uniformity computation fruit set number percentage A. Lopez-Montes IITA 5 Severe necrosis and death of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue more than 1.5 cm of diameter and covering a great proprotion of the leaf surface. Yellowing of the gree tissue is generalised in the leaf blade. A. Lopez-Montes IITA Mealybug severity estimation in 1-5 M_Bs Purplish white 5 IITA A.Amele First sprout emergence time estimation in yy/mm/dd Emerdt Young leaf color estimation 1-5 A.Amele IITA 3 Yellow S_Bri A. Lopez-Montes Tuber dry rot incidence computation in % IITA IITA A. Lopez-Montes Hairiness of tuber estimation 1-3 TBR_Hairy A.Amele IITA Crazy roots presence estimation 0&1 A.Amele IITA Tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha acronym Boiled yam bitter after taste 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Cirad Tuber flesh whiteness computation D.Cornet A.Amele Small tubers per plant compuatation IITA 0 Absent slightly oxidizing 1 No 0 Root knot nematode incidence computation % R_Kni A. Lopez-Montes IITA Cirad D.Cornet Crop vigor computation in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Medium tubers per plant computation A.Amele IITA plntsex Plant sex estimation 0-4 flrsex IITA A.Amele Male flower 1 Tuber dry rot severity estimation 0-4 S_Brs A. Lopez-Montes IITA Average tuber width computation in cm A.Amele IITA tbrwidth yam starch breakdown RVT A.Amele IITA A. Lopez-Montes IITA DAYHS Foliage senescence time computation in days A.Amele Female flowering intensity per spike estimation 1-4 IITA fflrab IITA Aroma_BY A.mele Boiled yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam whiteness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi YamCol_Meas_1to9 Bolanle Otegbayo Pounded yam colour scale 1-9 Bowen University, Nigeria IITA A.Amele Small tubers per plot counting number Sprout hairiness estimation nominal 0&2 A.Amele IITA IITA Corm estimation binary 0&1 A.Amele TDMC Dry matter content percentage A. Lopez-Montes IITA Leaf beetle damage severity estimation in 1-5 IITA Btl_S A. Lopez-Montes A. Lopez-Montes IITA Appearance of tuber surface estimation 1-4 IITA VRSI Virus incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes oxidizes more than 3 minutes 3 A.Amele Fruit maturity time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA 0 No symptoms Boiled yam fibrousness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Neither like nor dislike 3 Boiled yam stickness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi A.Amele IITA Leaf position estiamtion 1-3 7 brownish white Absence of lumps 10 A. Lopez-Montes IITA Aetbrp Bulbils per plot count AnthracInc yam anthracnose disease incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes IITA Non sticky 0 IITA A.Amele Seeds sown/family counting A.Amele DM IITA Time to 50% foliage senescence computation in days A.Amele IITA Stem hairiness estimation 0-2 Fruit setting time estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele IITA Tuber flesh color upper portion estimation 1-9 Flcolr_head A. Lopez-Montes IITA IITA Big tuber width computation in cm A.Amele Btbrwidth Tuber flour sugar content computation Cirad D.Cornet 1 1-25% tuber skin showing symptoms 1 sticky Stems per plant computation per plant stnp A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber flesh brownness computation D.Cornet Cirad A.Amele Bulbils per plant computation Aetbrpl IITA DFM Times to fruit maturity computation in days A.Amele IITA IITA A.Amele Number of internodes to first branching computation/plot NRDT IITA Rotten tubers per plot counting number A.Amele Secondary sprouting estimation nominal 0&1 IITA SECSP A.Amele 5 like extremely Cirad Latency period duration computation in number of days from planting to 5% sprouts emergence D.Cornet IITA A.Amele Internode length measurement in cm IITA Tuber surface crack estimation 0-3 A.Amele FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam granuleness 0-100 IITA PLNV A. Lopez-Montes Plant vigor estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA Leaf density estimation 1-7 Tuber flour protein content computation D.Cornet Cirad Separability of corm estimation binary 0&1 cormsep A.Amele IITA A.Amele IITA Established plants counting/plot Estbp-N Profuse (plant producing many more flowers mostly 30 to 50 inflorescences per plant) 7 Not sticky 0 IITA Inflorescence type estimation A.Amele Foliage senescence time estimation in yy/mm/dd DateHS A.Amele IITA Cirad D.Cornet Tuber flour starch content computation A.Amele First inflorescence initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA Scale insect infestation estimation 0-2 A.Amele IITA A.Amele Total tuber weight per plot computation in kg IITA Yellowish 1 A.Amele IITA Maturity time estimation GGD IITA Number of branches per plant count A.Amele R_kns A. Lopez-Montes Root knot nematode severity estimation in 1-5 IITA Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation estimation 0-3 A.Amele IITA 4 like few thorns or spines on tuber surface 3 Flowering time computation in days A.Amele DF IITA IITA Total tuber weight per plant computation in kg A.Amele A. Amele Twining direction estimation 1-2 IITA IITA Stem diameter computation in mm stemdim A.Amele Cylindrical 3 Slightly bitter 2 A.Amele IITA Fruit harvest time estimation in yy/mm/dd pounded yam color estimation 1-5 scale A.mele Color_PY IITA A.Amele Big tuber yield adjusted computation in t/ha IITA 3 very attractive Yam ontology 100 Present Pollinated spikes counting A. Lopez-Montes IITA NPOLS Crop cover compactness computation Cirad D.Cornet 1 very bitter 4 like 2 dislike A.mele Txt_PY Pounded yam texture estimation 1-3 scale IITA IITA INODL Internode length computation in cm A.Amele Bulbil yield per plant measurement in kg AetbrwtPl A.Amele IITA Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam smoothness scale 0-10 Bolanle Otegbayo YamSmot_Meas_0to10 IITA Seed index computation 0 to 1 A.Amele Oval 2 A. Lopez-Montes IITA FrtN Fruits developed per cross counting VRSS A. Lopez-Montes IITA virus severity estimation in 1-5 0 no oxidization A.Amele IITA Tuber flesh texture estimation 1-3 Low 0 3 Not sticky Boiled yam purpleness scale 0-100 Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Hairy (few scattered or many roots in the surface of the tuber) 2 like extremely 5 Cream 5 7 Yellow Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria YamStr_Meas_0to10 Pounded yam stretchability scale 0-10 A.Amele Small size tuber length computation in cm IITA Present 100 A.Amele Weight of big tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA Btbrwt IITA Txt_BY Boiled yam texture estimation 1-5 scale A.mele IITA Fiber estimation 1-2 A.Amele IITA Mealybug incidence computation % M_Bi A. Lopez-Montes Boiled yam bitterness 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin Laurent Adinsi Mtbrwt A.Amele Weight medium tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA Medium tubers per plot counting number A.Amele IITA Bulbil yield estimation in t/ha AetbrYld A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber beetle incidence computation % A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tbeti Not crumby 0 7 early (The plants have senescent foliage (75% of the plants in a plot with 50% leaves showing sign of yellowing but the vines still green) 0 Not streachable DAFGR A.Amele IITA Seeds germination start time estimation in yy/mm/dd Big tuber length computation in cm A.Amele IITA Presence of tuber dry rot estimation in 0&1 A.Amele IITA 26-50% tuber skin showing symptoms 2 IITA A.Amele Cormsize Corm size estimation 1-3 Pure white 100 Pale green 2 1 oxidizes less than a minure 10 Very stretchable IITA Petiole length measurement in cm A.Amele soft or smooth 3 4 Fully smooth no thorns or spines on tuber surface 0 3 Late (75% of the plants in a plot with still green foliage but few plants (upto 25% plants in a plot) showing up to 25% of leaves senescence Laurent Adinsi FSA-UAC, BÈnin Boiled yam black spots presence scale 0-100 1 Spherical Aroma_PY IITA A.mele pounded yam aroma estimation 1-5 scale DtFlrin A. Lopez-Montes Flower initiation time estimation in yy/mm/dd IITA 3 Neither like nor dislike like 4 IITA DATS Time to 50% foliage senescence estimation in yy/mm/dd A.Amele A.Amele IITA Upper surface leaf hairiness estimation 0-2 3 Neither like nor dislike Purplish green 4 High 100 dislike 2 D.Cornet Intensity of tuber flesh oxidation computation Cirad 0 Absent A.Amele 50% sprout emergence time computation in days DyFemer IITA 100 Bitter Corm type estimation 1-3 A.Amele IITA Cormtype 5 highly irregular A.Amele IITA Mature leaf color estimation 1-5 Rough 1 First inflorescence initiation time computation IITA A.Amele Symptom on >51% of the plant. Coalesced spots with dry tissue and covering a signifcant proprotion of the leaf surface. Areas with less than 1 cm width are coalescing to bigger spots also. Yellowing of green tissue is intense around the spots areas. 4 IITA Leaf width measurement in cm A.Amele A.Amele Aetubwtp IITA Bulbil weight per plot measurement in kg Easy 100 A.Amele MTWPL IITA Weight of big tubers per plant measurement in kg 3 Low (flowering is scare with the presence of few flowers mostly less than 10 inflorescences per plant) DtendFlr End of flowering time estimation in yy/mm/dd A. Lopez-Montes IITA Absent 0 Btl_I A. Lopez-Montes IITA Leaf beetle damage incidence computation % IITA A.mele Pounded yam appearance estimation 1-3 scale Appearance_PY A.Amele Lower surface vein color estimation 1-4 IITA Very Late (all the plants in a plot still show green foliage (green leaf and vine) 1 female flower 2 6 creamy GR Seed germination rate percentage A. Lopez-Montes IITA 0 Very soft Rot_Wt A. Lopez-Montes Weight of rotten/diseased tubers per plot measurement in kg IITA A.Amele IITA Time to first leaf emergence computation White 1 IITA Mtbrwidth A.Amele Medium tuber width computation in cm 0 No fibers Canopy architecture estimation 1-4 IITA Canopy A. Lopez-Montes Seeds set/fruit computation A. Lopez-Montes IITA 2 slightly sticky No brown 0 Tuber surface texture estimation 1-2 A. Lopez-Montes IITA A.Amele Total tubers per plant computation IITA Matfrt A. Lopez-Montes Fruits harvested per cross counting IITA Smooth 1 A.Amele Fruit index computation 0 to 1 IITA 100 Crumby A.Amele Big tubers per plant computation IITA Senescence period duration computation in days between 5 and 95% senescence Cirad D.Cornet IITA Upper surface vein color estimation 1-4 A.Amele Pollinated florets counting A. Lopez-Montes IITA 9 very early (The plants are completely senescent, yellowing is complete and uniform (both leaves and vines 100% senescence) 5 Intermediate Extremely pofuse (plant producing with abundant flowring mostly more than 50 inflorescences per plant) 9 Cirad D.Cornet Maximum ground cover computation in % Present 1 A.Amele IITA Weight of medium tubers per plant computation kgplt Bolanle Otegbayo Bowen University, Nigeria Pounded yam hardness scale 0-10 YamHar_Meas_0to10 4 Irregular 5 very sweet not attractive 1 4 76-100% tuber skin showing symptoms Average tuber length measurement in cm A.Amele IITA TBRL 5 Purple 1 aborted flower. Presence of small or rudimentary inflorescences/flowers that can show an abortion or abscission point at joint of the pedicel A.Amele Spine base color estimation nominal 0&1 IITA Long (More than 50% of the tubers sprouted at three month after harvesting time) 4 9 orange Grey 3 1 presence IITA Polldate A.Amele Crossing date esimation in yy/mm/dd 3 Neutral Emerged plants counting/plot A.Amele IITA 1 Few 0 Absent Laurent Adinsi Boiled yam chewingness scale 0-100 FSA-UAC, BÈnin oxidizes between 1 and 2 minure after cutting 2 Big tuber average weight computation in kg A.Amele IITA Cirad Growth cycle length computation in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence D.Cornet Many thorns or spines on tuber surface 7 5 Moderate (producing some flowers mostly 10-29 inflorescences per plant) highly oxidizing 3 Medium (50% of the plants are still green or on the onset of senescence. Only 50% plants in a plot with 25% of the leaves showing senescence or slight yellowing 5 Brown 9 2 moderately attractive Easy to cut 0 attribute 0 Abesnt 5 like extremely 3 51-75% tuber skin showing symptoms Difficult 0 4 like 1 strong or hard or lumpy Anthracnose symptoms covering ~26 t0 ~50% of the plant. One or two spots of more than 1 cm diameter width, and dry tissue on the leaf surface. Small dark and no dried spots with more than 1 cm width, are present 3 10 Very hard Monoecious female(f>m) 4 dislike 2 deep purple 8 Tbets A. Lopez-Montes IITA Tuber beetle severity estimation in 1-5 Not granular 0 Granular 100 100 Sticky 4 Purple 100 Purple 100 Brown 3 slighty irregular 0 Non flowering Off-white 2 0 absence Big lumps 0 No flower or bud. No inflorescence and not flowering at all 0 3 Low 100 Sweet Stickness scale 0-10 cm Cirad G.Arnau Sample is put in the hands and moulded Texture in the hand mouldability method Shape regularity estimation 0-2 Observe the appearance of roots, thones and srout buds on surface of harvested tubers and make visual score using scale Tuber surface appearance - Estimation RKNSev Root knot nematode severity Root knot severity caused by Meloidogyne spp. Root knot nematode severity Tuber Yam odour scale 0-100 Datfsen Foliage senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Senescence time Plant Score the severity of dry rot in harvested tubers Tuber dry rot severity - Estimation Number Plant or sprout NEP Number of an emerged plants (sprouts) in a plot Number of emerged plants Boiled root Boiled yam crumbness BoilYamHdCrum Property of the product to crumble or break between the fingers Crumbness in hand Leaf shape Leaf Leaf shape of plants shape Lfshp plants per plot shape Leaf apex Leaf apex shape Lfapx Leaf apex shape Flower initaition time - Estimation Record time (date) of first flower initiation in a plot or the date any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Hardness of cutting or breaking Boiled root Force required to cut/break with fork Boiled yam hardness BoilYamHdHard Dryrot Tuber Yam tuber dry rot incidence Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot incidence Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Aerial tuber Number of bulbil Bulbp Number Leaf length Length of leaf Leaf length lflngth % Percentage Assess the fruit number as fruiting intensity in categorical scale when more than 50% of the plants set fruits Fruit set number - Estimation Medium size tuber width Mtbrwd Average width of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Medium tuber Record emergence of new secondary sprouts from the planted seed tuber/sett in a plot at three months after planting Secondary sprouting - estimation Tuber shape Shape Tuber predominant shape TbrSh Tuber Color or pigmentation of leaf vein Vein color vein color lveincol Leaf Record date of 50% plants in a plot are showing foliage senescence Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Estimation HAIRSP hairiness Sprout Hairs on sprout (vines) Sprout hairiness Nodes carrying cataphylle per plant BTYld Big size tubers yield nonadjusted tons per hectare yield Big size yam yield Big tuber Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by yam anthracnose disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected.It is visual score in scale under screenhouse, artificial inoculation or under field natural infestation. For artificial inoculation use a suspension of three most virulent strains of Colletothrichum gloeosporioides and inoculate the plants raised from vine cutting in vertical sack or other means by spraying. For natural infestation, scores can be taken 10 to 12 weeks after planting and second scoring about 4-6 weeks before harvesting . Artificial inoculation should be scored at 3 days after inoculation(DAI) , and repeated at 7DAI, 11DAI and 15DAI Anthracnose severity - Estimation yield Tuber Total tuber yield nonadjusted tons per hectare TTYNA Total tuber yield 1-4 score kg/plot Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing less than 500 gm harvested per effective plot Small size tubers harvested per plot number - counting Record date the last seed germination observed per cross or family Date end of seed germination-Estimation Cohesiveness Pounded yam cohpdym Cohesiveness of pounded yam Degree to which particles of a sample stick together or how moldable it is 1-5 scale Count the number of pollinated spikes per female parent per cross Pollinated spike number - Estimation Record of the existance of colored spot at base of spines on a sprout (vine) Colored spots on spine base-Estimation Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per plant-computation Compute the weight to harvested bulbils per plant Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of small size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Small size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Number of nodes carrying cataphylles Mean number of nodes carrying cataphylles on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Plant Number Averaged growth cycle duration expressed in days between 5% emergence and 95% senescence (i.e. 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Median senescence computed from inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting. Time at 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5% emergence and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation TNTP Total tubers per plot Tuber Number of total (all size) tubers in a net plot or unit area Number Count the numeber vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted -counting Total tuber harvested number-computation Compute the sum of all category/size tubers (big, medium, small and rotten/diseased) in a net plot WBTPL Big tuber weight Weight of big size tubers per plant Big size tuber weight per plant Record existance of hairs on a sprout (vine) Hairiness of sprout - Estimation Time of first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Estimation Record time of the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vine) color Leaf Leaf color mlfcol The leaf surface color or pigmentation Tuber flesh Tbrfclr The surface color of the yam tuber flesh color Tuber flesh color 1-3 scale Record absence or presence of spines on a sprout (vine) Spines on sprout base-estimation Number of small size tubers ( <0.5kg) per plant Small tuber NSTPL Small size tubers per plant Number Tuber flesh color The surface whiteness of the yam tuber flesh Whitness of the Flesh colour TIMSE 50% sprout emergence time Time to 50% sprouts (plants) emerge in a plot 50% emergence time Plant or sprout Quantity of Female spikes where flowers has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent Inflorescence NPollSpk number Pollinated spikes number number of bulbils STRATE Proportion Proportion of established plants Proportion of plants in a plot well established (plantsgrowing with good vigour and without severe constraints) Plant Corm separation from tuber-Estimation Record the corm ability to be separated from tuber in a binary scale Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Appearance of boiled yam-Estimation Wideth Average width of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Tuber Tuber width Tbrwd diameter Stem diameter of a mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Stem diameter STMDM Stem Period from planting to median emergence Computation of inflection point value using log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Yam anthracnose disease severity Plant Anthracnose severity caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. The reaction of plants in a plot to anthracnose infestation (blight or leaf spot) under screenhouse or in the field under natural infestation or artificial inoculation Anthracnose severity YADS Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Maximum ground cover Canopy Frtset Fruiting ability Time to fruit setting Times fruit formation or set on monoeciuse or femal flowers of dioeciouse yam plants Fruit Inft Inflorescence type Inflorescence The arrangement of flowers on stem or twig of a plant type Anthracnose incidence Plant Anthracnose incidence caused by the pathogen Colletotricum gloeosporioides. % of anthracnose ?blight? or leaf spotaffected plants in a plot YADI Yam anthracnose disease incidence Cracks on the tuber surface-Estimation Record appearance of cracks on tuber surface as absent, few and many 0-2 scale NMTPL Number of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) per plant Medium tuber Number Medium size tubers per plant Rotten tuber weight RDTW Rotten Tuber Weight of rotten/diseased tubers Weight Chewingness scale 0-100 YamHdStr Pounded yam Stretchability Ability of pounded yam to stretch when pulled apart with fingers Pounded yam stretchability Microscopy (10x) image analysis of iodin colored yam tuber flour (0.5mm) Microscopy image analysis Fruit FrtDev Status of fruit development status Fruit development status on monoecious and female flower of dioeciouse yam plant Number of branchs - computation Count the number of branches above ground on at least five mature plants in a plot and record the average Elapsed time between planting date and date of 50% emergence sprouts in a plot Earliness of emergence Period duration from planting to 50% sprout emergence Sprout First sprout emergence time Plant or sprout TIMFSE Time to the first sprout (plant) emerge in a plot First emergence time number Stems per plant Stem Nstem Number of stems (vines) with leaves and branches per plant Number Fruits harvested number FrtHvstN Fruit per cross Number of harvested fruits per cross after physiological maturity Presence of cataphylle Observe the presence or absence of cataphylle Record the intensity of tuber hairs or secondary roots on the surface of harvested tubers Hairiness of tuber bark - Estimation tons/ha Black spots presence scale 0-100 Tuber flesh uniformity Tuber flesh Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in longitudinal section color Odour method Take a whiff and evaluate the intensity of yam odour The vigour of the vine and leaves of the new plant. Plant PVigor Plant Vigor vigor Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dry rot presence Yam tuber dry rot presence Dryrot 1-3 general scale Big yam tuber average weight-computation Calculated as weight of big size tubers per plot divided by total number of big size tubers per plot number of fruits NBTPL Big size tubers per plant number Big tuber Number of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) per plant Seed Seeds germination start time Time the first seed germination occurred germstart germination starting time Average width of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small tuber Stbrwd Length Small size tuber width Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover of subplot - Computation Averaged crop vigor expressed in days from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover in subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 80% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Measure the width of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of small size tubers-Computation growth habit A tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread Plant type Plntype Plant Date (yyyymmdd) Plant Vine cutting establishment rate Proportion of vine cuttings established well that producing shoots establishment rate Vestrat Times to the first leaf emergence on sprouted shoot (vines)-Computation Compute the number of days required from first sprout emergence to the first leaf to emerge on a sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Record the smoothness or roughness of tuber skin in visual scale Tuber surface texture - Estimation Total tuber yield adjusted-computation Computed as total tubers weight per plant multiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Hairiness of stem Stem Stem hairiness stmhair hairiness Length of medium size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg ) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average First inflorescence time - Compuation Compute the number of days required to first inflorescence emergence in a plot Absence of lumps Smoothness Pounded yam YamHdSmot Pounded yam smoothness Plant Mat Length of time toward crop maturity Time to maturity Maturity time Tuber flour protein content content yam flour Tuber flour protein content Number of well established plants ( plants growing with good vigour and without severe constraints) in a plot NESP Plant Number Established plants Spine on sprout Presense Presence of spines on sprout (vines) SPNSP Spines on sprout presence SE Plant Foliage senescence or maturity class Maturity class Senescence Record time (date) when the plant does not produce more new flowers in a plot End of flowering time - Estimation Flower Sex Predominat plant or flower sex Plant sex sex Fruits/cross MbugSev Severity of mealybug tuber infestation. Tuber Mealybug tuber infestation severity Mealybug tuber infestation severity Big size tuber length Big tuber Length Btbrleng Average length of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Compute the brown index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber flesh brown index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values NINFB Number of internodes to first branching number Stem internode Number of internodes to first branchs on a plant Boiled yam texture The physical attributes of boiled yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands Boiled yam txtboiledyam texture Germination rate - Computation Compute the proportion of sown true or botanical seed which germinate and produce seedling ready for transplant , usually observed at three weeks after sowing. Aroma of pounded yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the pounded yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the pounded yam to eat Sprout length-computation Compute the average sprout length of five representative plants measurement taken in a plot Score corm status of tubers using a binary scale Corm on tubers-Estimation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of all categroy/size tubers taken in a plot to the number of harvested plant in a net plot Total tuber fresh weight per plant-computation Corm size Size Size of corm in relation to tuber corsz Corm Seeds germinated sdgerm Seed germinated Quanity of sown true (botanical) seeds germinated per cross or family Number Record the weight of small size ( < 500 gm) tubers in a net plot Small size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Stickiness of pounded yam Pounded yam The degree to which the pounded yam is adhesive or stick to the fingure, mouth surface and teeth StickPndedYam Stickiness Record the date when all plants in a plot shows a sign of 100% foliage senescence Foliage senescence time - Estimation Yam starch breakdown starchbrk The breakdown of yam starch extracted from fresh tubers were determined using a Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA-TecMaster, Perten Instruments, Australia) Tuber starch Variation in leaf mass of the plant density Leaf density Leaf Lfden Uniformity of tuber flesh surface color in cross-section ( from cortex to center) color Tuber cross section Tuber flesh cross-section color uniformity Utfc Medium tuber Number Medium size tubers per plot Number of medium size tubers that weighing ? 0.5kg and <1 kg in a net plot or unit area NMTP Starch breakdown-Estimation A 1.7 g portion of starch was mixed with 25 g of distilled water in the RVA sample can, after correction for the original moisture contents of the starches Cirad Texture in the hand stretchabilitymethod G.Arnau The pounded yam is touched and pulled apart with the fingers Flesh oxidation quantitative computation Record weight of rotten and/or diseased tubers harvested in a net plot Rotten tuber fresh weight per plot - Measurement Compute average number of internodes to first branching of at least five plants internode counts taken in a plot Number of internode-computation Small size tuber weight per plant Small tuber Weight WSTPL Weight of small size yam per plant Tuber appearance Tbrappr Tuber Tuber surface look in relation to presence or absence of roots, thorns and sprouted buds on the tuber surface Appearance Time 50% of sprout emergence-Estimation Record date 50% of sprouts in a plot emerged Total tuber yield adjusted Tuber TTYA yield Total tuber yield adjusted tons per hectare Intensity of thorns on the tuber surface Thorn or spine intesity Tuber thorniness intensity ThornInt Tuber Root knot nematode incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers showing root knot nematode symptoms from the total number of harvested tubers in effective plot Vein color - Estimation Assess the color of leaf vein on the upper surface Length of petiole Petiole length Petiole petlngth Lengh After swallowing, observe the feeling or sensation of the bitter taste on the tongue and assess its intensity Taste method Bulbil yield (fresh weight) per hectar- Computation Computed the yield of bulbil per hectare using the formula. Tubers planted Seed tuber Number of seed tubers planted in a plot or unit area NTP Number Intensity or proportion of fruit set or development under open or controlled pollination. Fruit set number NFrtSet Fruit set Proportion Bitterness 0-100 number NpollF Pollinated florets number Inflorescence Quantity of Female Flowers which has been pollinated using male flower from a monoecious or dioecious parent The surface browness of the yam tuber flesh color Tuber flesh Browness of the Tuber flesh colour TbrSz Tuber size Tuber size Size Tuber Intensity or abudance of female flowers on spikes/infloresences fflrint abondance Female flowering intensity Flower µm Take count of well established plants in a plot usually at two months after planting Number of well established plants -Counting Weight of small size tubers ( <0.5kg ) in a net plot or unit area Small size tubers weight per plot Small tuber Weight STW 1-5 scale NBTP Big tuber Number Number of big size tubers that weighing ?1 kg in a net plot or unit area Big size tubers per plot Time to fruit maturity Maturity time Times 90% of fruits attain physiological maturity Fruit TIMFrtM Senescence- Estimation Observe the status of foliage senescence (leaf or vine yellowing) of plants in plot at 6 month onward and rate the maturity status color Optical color or pigmentation of boiled yam Boiled yam color colbldyam Boiled yam Time to 50% foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required for 50% of the plants in a plot showing foliage senescence Observe the presence or absence of hairs on stem surface Hair on stem - Estimation Tuber flour starch content Tuber flour starch content content yam flour Bulbil shape-Estimation Record shape of bulbils or aerial tubers in scale Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Yam tuber dry rot incidence Number Dryrot Assess the proportion of sprouted tubers at different time interval (once a week) from harvesting up to three months after harvesting and rate the dormancy period in scale Dormancy period -Estimation Bitterness after taste During chewing, bitter taste after swallowing, eg there is a light bitter aftertaste Boiled root Boiled yam bitter after taste BoilYamBitteraft 1-3 scale Computation of the substraction between the necessary time before 95% and 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Period from 5% to 95% emergence The surface yellowness of the yam tuber flesh Yellowness of the Flesh colour color Tuber flesh Anthracnose incidence - Estimation Compute the proportion of anthracnose damaged individuals or their parts , commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Count anthracnose disease ?blight? or leaf spot affected plants in plot twice (First inspection at 10 to 12 weeks post planting and second inspection after 2 to 4 weeks before harvesting ) and compute the proportion of damanged Purpleness scale 0-100 Flower initaition time - Computation Computing the number of days required from first sprout emergence to first flower initiation Pounded yam Presence of fiber strands Fibrousness of pounded yam fbrpdym Presenceof ?ber strands Setts or seed yams planted weight - Computation Measure the weight of N planted tubers (seed yams or setts) and record the average Cracks Tuber Tuber cracks CTBRS Cracks on tuber surface hairiness Leaf hairiness Leaf Hairiness of leaf surface llfhair Record position of appearance of roots at surface to tubers Position of root appearance on tubers-Estimation Tbrleng Tuber Tuber length Average length of all size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of big size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Big size yam fresh weight per plant- computation Assess the leaf beetle infestation at two and five months after planting and record its severity Leaf beetle severity - Estimation Tuber flesh white index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the white index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Nodes carrying cataphylles - Counting Compute the average of the number of nodes carrying cataphylles on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Observe the arrangement of leaves on stem or vine and rate it Leaf position - Estimation Assess hairiness of leaf surface (lower part) Leaf hairiness - Estimation Color of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the optical color or pigementation of pounded yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Stem diameter-computation Measure the stem diameter at 15 cm above the base of five plants before senescence in a plot and record the average Compute the proportion dry rot tubers from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot Tuber dry rot incidence - Computation Time first sprout emergence-Estimation Record date of first spout emergence in a plot number of spikes Tuber wideth-computation Compute the average tuber width of all size measurement taken in a net plot Taste of boiled yam-Estimation Feel the taste of boiled yam in mouth and make sensory score using scale how pleasing to the taste Record the texture of tuber flesh using scale Tuber flesh texture-Estimation uniteless Measure the width of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using vernier calliper or measuring tape and record the average Width of big size tubers-Computation Tuber flesh color reading -measurement Measure the flesh surface color of tuber (head, middle and tail portion) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using colorimeter (a color spectrophotometer) or standard color chart. Count the number of rotten and/or diseased tubers in effective plot Rotten tubers in a plot number-counting 1-5 scale days 0-1 scale color The surface color of stem Stem Stem color Stmcol kg Stmht Height or the length of stem Stem height height Stem 1-7 general scale Number of germinated seedling-Counting Record the number of germinated seedlings per cross or family Fibrousness scale 0-100 VirusInc Reaction of the total plants per plot to the virus infection, producing yellow mottle, mosaic and leaves deformation Virus incidence Virus incidence Plant number of tubers Record the weight of medium size ( ? 500 gm and <1 kg) tubers in a net plot Medium size tubers fresh weight per plot -measurement number of fruit Plant or flower sex-Estimation Scoring the most frequent flower sex type when more than 50% of the plants are flowered BoilYamBitt Boiled root Boiled yam bitterness Bitterness Basic bitter taste like small quantity of quinine or caffeine in water Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ? 500 gm and <1 kg harvested per effective plot Medium size tubers harvested number- counting Compute the proportion of virus symptomatic individuals or their parts or commonly the portion of plant units in a plot. Take virus incidence recording thrice: First inspection at 8 to 10 weeks after planting and second inspection after 4 to 6 weeks after first inspection for virus symptoms and the third and final inspection 4 to 6 weeks after the second inspection . Viruses infection incidence - Computation BoilYamMthGran Refers to the presence of small grains during chewing Granuliness in mouth Boiled yam granuleness Boiled root TWNH twining habit Plant Twining habit Tendency of climbing or trailling Number of branches above ground Branch branch Number Branch number Time from median emergence to 5% senescence Senescence earliness Growth duration Canopy Fruit index is an estimation of pollinated flowers developing physiologically mature fruits Fruit index fruiting ratio Fruit Time between 5% emergence and 95% senescence Growth cycle length Growth cycle length Canopy Flesh oxidation - computation Stretchability scale 0-10 Score the length oxidation (from head) and the length tuber and record the oxidation length / length tuber ratio Count the number of tubers (seed yams or setts) planted per plot (unit area) Tubers (seed yams or setts) planted - Counting Average tuber weight in kg Tuber Weight ATW Average tuber weight Big size tubers fresh weight per plot- measurement Record the weight of big size ( ?1 kg) tubers in a net plot Corm Corm type cortyp Type Corm type Texture in the hand hardness method Shape regularity Tuber shape regularity Tuber Sample is pressed with the index finger Regularity of tuber shape Tuber Tuber dormancy period Tuber dormancy period TubDorm Dormancy period Number of bulbil - Computation Count number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils on plants in a net plot and compute the average number bulbils per plant Cirad G.Arnau Appearance method Tuber shape quantitative computation Visually inspect sample surface Bulbil initiation time - Computation Compute number of days required from sprout emergence to 50% of plants in a plot start forming bulbils or aerial tubers SPNAB density Intensity of spines on stem (vine) above base of mature plant (5 to 6 month old plant) Spines on stem density Spine m Boiled yam sweetness Boiled root Sweetness BoilYamSweet Basic light sugary taste like a little glucose or sucrose in water solution Plant pollination time datcross Date crossing or pollination attempted Crossing date Counting the number of plants where tubers were harvested in a plot Plant harvested number - Counting Arrangement of leaves on stem or vine lfpst Leaf Leaf position arrangement Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when pouned yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture of pounded yam-Estimation Time to flower initiation TIMFlrin Time of the first flower initiation on a plant/s in a plot or any of the plants in a plot shows the first flower Plant Flower initiation time Observe relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by virus disease and record the severity as a proportion or percentage of plant surface affected using visual five ordinal scale . Predominant severity per plot must be registered at least thrice : 8 to 10 weeks after planting, 4 to 6 weeks after first scoring and the last scoring at 4 to 6 weeks after the second scoring Viruses infection severity - Estimation Bulbil shape Bulbsp Predominant shape of the bulbils Shape Aerial tuber Record the date 90% of the developed fruits shows sign of physiological maturity (turning brown) Fruit maturity time - Estimation Tuber flesh oxidation Tuber flesh Oxidation ratio of flesh Sample is touched with fingers or moulded in the hands Texture in the hand stickness method Flesh oxidation Tuber thorniness - Estimation Record the presence or absence of thorns or spines on the tuber skin in visual scale Tuber Number Total tubers per plant TNTPL Number of tubers harvested per plant Pounded yam colour YamCol Pounded yam Colour The degree of whiteness of the pounded yam sample like a plain white paper or white flip chart/colour of boiled egg albumen, or Colour of the pounded yam comparable to that of Soymilk or “Eba” from white “Gaari”, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to that of greyness covering a boiled egg yolk, or colour of pounded yam, or colour of pounded yam comparable to that of evaporated liquid milk such as Peak milk, or colour of pounded yam comparable to boiled egg yolk that is light in colour, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to deep colour of Yellow maize, or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour whole wheat meal or colour of Pounded yam comparable to the colour of carton paper. 1-5 general scale Mouldability scale 0-10 Observe the regularity of tuber shape in visual scale Shape regularity - estimation Bitterness after taste 0-100 weight Tuber TTWPL Total tuber weight per plant Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers per plant Big tuber yield Big size tuber yield adjusted BTYA Big size tubers yield adjusted tons per hectare Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing mature fruits Fruit index Pounded yam hardness YamHdHar Hardness Softness is when it is quite easy to compress the sample, while hardness is when force is used to compress the sample or takes effort to compress the sample Pounded yam Number of true seed harvested or obained per cross or family Tsdh True seeds harvested True seed Number Stickness in hand BoilYamHdStick Boiled root Property related to the adhesion of the product between the fingers Boiled yam stickness Compute the number of days required from fruit set to fruit phyisological maturity Fruit maturity time - Computation The sense of smell or odor of pounded yam that reaches the nose before eating or the pounded yam reaches the mouth arompoundedyam Pounded yam aroma aroma Pouned yam Total tuber fresh weight per plot -computation Compute the sum all category or size of tubers (Big, medium, small size, and rotten and diseased) fresh weight per plot 1-4 scale Pounded yam texture Pounded yam texture txtpoundedyam The physical attributes of pounded yam such as soft or hard/strong , smooth or lumpy when sensed by touch in mouth or with hands 50% fruit set time-Estimation Record the date fruit set in 50% of plants in a plot Flowering intensity - Estimation Record the abundance or intesity of flowering when more than 50% of the plants are flowered in a plot Aerial tuber Yield Bulbyld Bulbil yield Yield of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Leaf width - computation Measure the width from the widest part of leaf using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average width Sprout Latency before emergence Elapsed time between planting date and date of 5th percentile emergence sprouts in a plot Period duration from planting to first sprouts emergence Record the degree of thorns or spines on tuber surface in visual scale Tuber thorniness intensity-Estimation 1-3 scale Presence of bulbil - Estimation Record the presence and absence of bulbils (aerial tubers) in the vines of yam plant Measure the length of petiole using measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant on at leat five plants in a plot), and record the average length Petiole length - Computation Time to end of flowering Plant TIMEF end of flowering time End of flowering time or when a plant does not produce new flower in a plot Record the fresh weight of harvested bulbil or aerial tuber per net plot Bulbil yield (Plot weight) - Measurement Sweetness 0-100 Record the predominant color of stem on mature plant at five to six month after emergence using a five color scale Stem color - Estimation Presence Heterophylly presence Presence of cataphylles during early stage Plant texture Txf Tuber flesh Tuber flesh texture Texture of tuber flesh bulbil/plant Internode length Stem internode Intndlngth length Internode length Tuber flesh oxidation color-Estimation Record the flesh enzymatic oxidation color using color scale GDD°C Mean starch grain size of yam tuber flour Size Starch grain size yam flour Compute the fruit set number as proportion of pollinated flowers developing or setting a fruit and expressed in % Fruit set number - Computation Score the smoothnessof the pounded yam , i.e., absence of lumps by finger feeling and using intensity scale Smoothness of pounded yam- Estimation Time of fruit harvesting Harvesting ime Fruit Time to fruit harvesting DateFH number of branch Tuber flesh color The surface color of the yam tuber flesh color Tuber flesh Record time in minutes lasted for cut tuber flesh to become or not oxidized and score in scale Tuber oxidation-Estimation Seeds set per fruit Number of seeds developed per fruit after hand flowers pollination Set seed per Fruit SdSet number Appearance of pounded yam-Estimation Observe the appearance (structure and pigmentation) of pouned yam and make visual score using scale how attractive or appealing on table or plate to eat Inflorescence initiation time Time of first inflorescence initiation Inflorescence initiation time TIMinflor Plant Texture in the hand smoothness method Sample is pressed firmly between the fingers Senescence duration Canopy Senescence duration Time between 5 and 95% senescence Determination of predominant canopy architecture Canopy architecture - Estimation SprtCol color Color of the sprout (vine and leaves). Sprout color Sprout Pounded yam color colpoundedyam color Pounded yam Optical color or pigmentation of pounded yam Count the number of tubers in a plot weighing ?1 kg harvested per effective plot Big size tubers harvested number - counting Tuber number/plot Weight Weight of medium size tubers (? 0.5kg and <1 kg) in a net plot or unit area MTW Medium tuber Medium size tubers weight per plot Incidence of leaf beetle damage. Leaf Lfbtinc Leaf beetle incidence Leaf beetle damage incidence 0-1 scale Number of small size tubers that weighing <0.5kg in a net plot or unit area NSTP Small size tubers per plot Number Small tuber Femal flowers abundance or intensity per inflorescence-Estimation Observe the femal flowering intensity or abudance per inflorences and rate TIMLE Leaf Time to the first leaf emergence on a plant or sprouted shoot (vine) in a plot Time to first leaf emergence emergence time Tuber Total fresh weight of all category or size tubers harvested in a net plot TTWP Total fresh tuber weight per plot weight Length of sprouted shoots (vines) Sprout Sprout length length Spleng Medium size yam fresh weight per plant-computation Compute by dividing fresh weight measurement of medium size tubers taken to the number of harvested plants in a net plot Averaged senescence period duration expressed in days between 5 and 95% senescence (i.e. 95% and 5% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% and 5% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration between 5 and 95% senescence of subplot - Computation germination rate Seed Seed germination rate A proportion of sown true (botanical) seed which germinate and produce seedling germRate Granuliness 0-100 Number of plant Time to bulbil initiation Aerial tuber TIMbulb duration Bulbil initiation time Length of small size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five small size tubers (<500 gm) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average Boiled root surface Boiled yam whiteness Whiteness Both inner and outer colour can range from light yellowish (off-white) to white (pure white) BoilYamWhit Field establishment-Computation Compute the proportion or ratio of well-established plants in a plot from the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted Fibrousness in hand Refers to the presence of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Boiled root BoilYamHdFibr Boiled yam fibrousness Seed index Compute the ratio of pollinated florets developing seeds lfwdt Leaf Width Leaf Width of leaf width Bulbil Presence of bulbil Bulbil presence Presence of bulbils or aerial tubers in the nodes of the vines Aerial tuber Smoothness scale 0-10 Root knot incidence caused by Meloidogyne spp. RKNInc Tuber Root knot nematode damage incidence Root knot nematode incidence Presence of fiber strand-Estimation Score the presence or absence of ?ber strands on pounded yam Tuber Tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation rate Tfoxd Tuber flesh oxidation Enzymatic oxidation rate Observe and record the fresh cut flesh surface color at the middle part of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color middle portion - Estimation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per per plant mutiplied by planting density and result divided by 1000 Big size yam yield adjusted-computation Take count of the number of seeds set on each fruits and record the average seeds per fruit Seeds set - Comp Tuber flesh yellow index computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the yellow index based on the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Leaf beetle incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of plants with leaf beetle damage from the total number of plants in the effective plots on leaf beetle damange record taken twice(at two and five months after planting date) Twining habit-Estimation Record the tendency of vine to twine or climb sderat Establishment rate of seedlings Seedling Establishment rate Seedling Establishment rate Fruit developed number Fruit per cross Number Quantity of developed fruits per crosses Nfrts Record the predominant color of the sprouts (plant) per plot at 20 days after emergence Sprout color - estimation Polltyp Flower Mode of plant to plant pollen transfer Pollination type pollination type Dry rot tuber number-counting Take count of dry rot tubers per plot at harvest Record corm size in relation to tuber size using three scale Corm size-Estimation Tuber size - Estimation Determination of predominant size of the tuber in the entire family Compute the average of the period from emergence to first true leaf appearance on the main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly Duration of heterophylly period - Computing YamHdMoul Pounded yam Mouldability/cohesiveness Ability of the pounded yam to stick together easily without disintegrating or cohesive and being easy to mould. Pounded yam mouldability/cohesiveness Big size yam yield no adjusted- Computation Calculated as big size yam tuber weight per plot divided by size of effective harvest plot mutiplied by 10 Score taste of pounded yam using sensory test panalist Taste of pounded yam - Estimation Observe and score scale insect infestation on tuber at harvest Scale insect infestation - Estimation The sense of smell or odor of boiled yam that reaches the nose before eating or the boiled yam reaches the mouth arombldyam Boiled yam Boiled yam aroma aroma Score the distance to which the deformed material can be or degree of stretchabiliy pounded yam in intesity scale Springiness of pounded yam-Estimation Time when 50% of the plants in a plot are showing signs of foliage senescence Plant 50% Senescence time TIMsen Time to 50% foliage senescence Record the uniformity of tuber flesh cross-section color using visual scale at fresh cut during harvest Tuber flesh cross section color uniformity-estimation Texture in the mouth method Put the product between the molars and mash it to assess the number of chews before swallowing Compute the number of small size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of small size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Small size tubers per plant-Computation Record the twining or climbing direction of the vine Twining direction-Estimation Color difference bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber head and tail flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values WMTPL Medium size tuber weight per plant Medium tuber weight Weight of medium size tuber yam per plant Compute the ∆E2000 bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Color difference bewteen mean tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values at cutting and 15 minutes latter Observe and record the fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the head portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Tuber flesh color head portion - Estimation Number of Leaves - Computation Count the number of leaves on at least five young plants in a plot at 30 days after emergence and record the average Score the degree of fruit development in scale Fruit development intensity-Estimation 1-9 scale NVP Plant Vine cuttings planted Vine cuttings planted number End of flowering time - Computation Computing the number of days required from 50% of sprout emergence to when plant does not produce more new flowers. Root knot nematode severity estimation in a range from no symptoms to highly severe galling scored in secondary roots of the plant and tubers adventitious roots. Root knot nematode severity - Estimation 1-2 scale Count the number of pollinated florets per female parent per cross Floret pollinated number - Counting Compute the proportion or ratio of plants/sprouts emerged as the number of emerged plants/sprouts divided by the total number of tubers (seed yam or setts) planted in a plot multiplied by 100 Emerged sprouts or plants proportion-Computation Seed sown Seeds sown Quantity of botanical or true seeds sown per family or cross Number Sdsown Period from planting to 5% emergence Computation of the necessary time before 5% emergence using after-fitting inverse regression of log-logistic time-to-event modeling of weekly sprout counts expressed in days after planting Observe the optical color or pigementation of boiled yam and make visual score using scale how acceptable or appealing on table or plate to eat Color of boiled yam-Estimation Plant Duration from emergence to first true leaf Heterophylly duration Mean duration between fisrt emergence and first true leaf apprearance on main stem of 5 plants choosen randomly AWBT Average weigth of big size tuber Average weight of big size tubers in kg Big tuber Weight Compute the ∆E2000 between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values Mean color difference between average tuber flesh color computed from standardized image L*a*b* values and tuber flesh color of individual pixel values method_of 0-1 binary scale Width of medium size tubers-Computation Measure the width of at most five medium size tubers (?500 gm and <1kg )from net plot at wider portion of the tuber using calliper or measuring tape and record the average 0-7 scale Tuber Intoxd Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh oxidation intensity Tubtlinc Tuber Tuber beetle incidence Incidence of tuber beetle damage. Tuber beetle incidence number of seed Measure the length or height of stem or vine of at least five mature plants in a plot using measuring tape at five to six months after sprout emergence and record the average Stem height - computation Elapsed time between time of 5th and 95th percentiles emergence sprouts in a plot Emergence vigor Sprout Period duration from first to last sprouts emergence Crop vigor Duration from median emergence to 80% of maximum ground cover Growth vigor Canopy Internode length -computation Measure the internode length of five plants before senescence at 1 meter height and record the average Mealybug tuber infestation incidence MbugInc Mealybug tuber infestation incidence Incidence of mealybug tuber infestation. Tuber Subplot maximum ground cover from weekly image analysis - Computation Averaged maximum ground cover over two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Maximum ground cover computed from ground cover dynamic modeled using time to event Beta Growth model. Density of spines on stem base of a plant-Etimation Visual assessment of spines on a stem (vine) above the base of mature plants in a plot Virus severity Grade of reaction of the plant to the viruses infection, varying from mottle, mosaics until total leaves deformation Plant VirusSev Virus severity Inflorescence type-Estimation Observe the type of inflorescence and score it 0-3 scale Time when 50% of the plants flower in a plot TIMFL 50% flowering time Time to 50% flowering Plant Record appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface at harvest Crazy roots presence on tubers at harvest-Estimation Leaf Severity of leaf beetle damage. Leaf beetle damage severity Lfbtsev Leaf beetle severity Colour scale 1-9 Measure the length and width of tuber using measuring tape and record the length /with ratio Shape of tuber - computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date first sprout or plant in a plot or unit area emerged Times to first sprout emergence-Computation number of florets Times to 50% spout emergence-Computation Compute the number of days required from date of planting to the date 50% of sprouts or plants in a plot emerged Thorniness Tuber thorniness Thorn Exsistence of thorns on the tuber surface Tuber Tuber flour sugar content Tuber flour sugar content yam flour content Number of stems per plant-computation Compute average of the number of stems (vines) per established plants in a plot 1-7 scale Record the method used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same or different plant of the same species Pollination type-Estimation Tuber surface texture Tuber Tbrtxtur texture Tuber surface smoothness apppoundedyam appearance The optical appearance of pouned yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of pounded yam structure Pounded yam appearance Pounded yam Canopy Crop folliage compactness Crop cover compactness Architecture Twining direction Twining direction twining direction twndir Vine Pounded yam Smoothness of pounded yam smthpdym Smoothnessof the material, i.e., absence of lumps Smoothness Stickiness of pounded yam - Estimation Score the sticknes or adhesiveness of pounded yam to consumern fingur using sensory test panelist Boiled root Ease of chewing Boiled yam easiness to chew BoilYamMthChew Property related to the number of chews necessary to swallow the product Plant TIMfsen Foliage senescence time Time to all plants in a plot or unit area show full or complete foliage senescence Senescence time Boiled yam Yam flavor Yam odour BoilYamOdor Boiled root Odour of boiled yam Corm separability from tuber corsep Corm separation from tuber separation Corm Tuber flesh oxidation color Oxidation color Foxdc Tuber Surface color resulting of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation Compute the proportion of seedlings survived or established well after transplant operation Seedling tranplant survival rate-computation Tuber dry matter content - Computation Select at least five random whole tubers from a net plot and cut small slices (1-2 mm) from proximal, middle and distal portion and mixed thoroughly. Record fresh weight and determin dry weight of samples by drying at 70∞C for 72 h in a forced air oven. A proportion between the dry weight and the fresh weight is calculated. Seed seed set ratio Seed index Seed index is an estimation of pollinated flowers producing seeds Presence of secondary roots on the tuber bark Tuber hairiness Tuber RTBS hairiness Sensory test of how soft or hard, smooth or lumpy when boiled yam sensed during mastication in mouth or feeling with hand Texture of boiled yam-Estimation Bulbil weight Bulbwtp Weight of vine bulbils or aerial tubers harvest Weight Aerial tuber Average tuber weight -computation Calculated as total tuber weight per plot divided by total number of tubers per plot Medium tuber Length Medium size tuber length Mtbrleng Average length of medium size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Observe the surface of product and evaluate the frequency/number of the black points Appearance method Ability to set or form fruts-Estimation Observe fruit setting or formation of female flowers of monoeciouse and dieciouse plants and rate the ability set for form fruits Leaf shape-Estimation Record leaf shape of mature plants in a plot Stickness scale 0-100 1-5 scale BTW Weight Big size tubers weight per plot Big tuber Weight of big size tubers ( ?1 kg) in a net plot or unit area Seed tuber Weight of planted tubers Weight Weight of seed tubers (whole seed yams or setts ) planted in a plot or per unit area. Planting material from a tuber is called sett. Seed tuber could be either small, healthy whole tuber or large tubers cut into pieces (sett) WTP kg/plant Canarc Canopy architecture architecture Canopy Organisation or structural arrangements of branchs and leaves distribution giving a specific shape to the above ground part of the plant Quantity of true seed harvested -Counting Record the total number of true seed or botanical seed harvested or obtained per cross or family Medium size tubers per plant-computation Compute the number of medium size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of medium size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Number Bulbpl Number of bulbils or aerial tubers produced Aerial tuber Number of bulbil 0-2 scale 1-5 scale Record the number of developed fruits or fruit set in pollinated flowers/inflorescence Fruits developed number - Counting Btbrwd Big size tuber width Big tuber Average width of big size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Length Crazy roots presence Appearance of crazy roots on tuber surface Crazy roots presence CRZROOT Aroma of boiled yam-Estimation Assess the small or odour the boiled yam that sensed at the nose before the yam reaches mouth and make sensory score using scale how appetizing or appealing the boiled yam to eat Foliage senescence time - Computation Compute the number of days required from sprout emergence or planting to when all plants had fully senesced Count the emerged plants (sprouts) per plot every week starting from first plant/sprout emergence date till the last plant or spourt emerge in a plot Emerged sprouts -Counting Number of bulbil - Counting Count the number of aerial tubers or vine bulbils produced per net plot. The number of leaves on a plant Nlfyp Number Number of leaves Leaf Record time (date) 50% plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence 50% flowering time - Estimation Scalisec Scale insect infestation scale insect infestation Tuber Scale insect infestation on tubers at harvest Plant Abundance or degree of flowering Flowering intensity Flrint flowering intensity Measure the length from lobes to the tip using a measuring tape on sampled 20 adult leaves ( four leaves per plant and at leat five plants on a plot), and record the average length Leaf length - computation Proportion of plants /sprouts emerged in a plot Proportion PPE Proportion of emerged plants Plant or sprout 0-4 scale Hardness scale 0-10 0-9 scale Tuber beetle severity Severity of tuber beetle damage. Tubtlsev Tuber Tuber beetle severity Number of true seeds sown-counting Record the number of true seeds sown per cross or family Date crossing-Estimation Record the date crossing made in particular flower of a plant. Length of big size tubers-Computation Measure the length of at most five big size tubers (?1kg) from base to tip in a net plot at harvest and record the average 50% flowering time - Computation Compute the number of days required from 50% of sprouts in plot emerged to 50% of plants in a plot are having at least one flower/inflorescence Whiteness scale 0-100 Stickiness YamHdStic This is when the pounded yam sticks or adhere to the fingers when it is touched with fingers or during moulding into bolus for swallowing. Pounded yam stickiness Pounded yam taste Boiled yam Tastebldyam Taste of boiled yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Boiled yam taste Tuber flesh color computation from standardized image L*a*b* values Compute the average of the flesh surface color of tuber longitudinal section using image analysis with a color correction based on a custom color chart Tuber Dry matter content Tuber dry matter content Proportion of dry matter in the tuber. TubDMC Length Average length of small size tubers harvested in a net plot or unit area Small tuber Stbrleng Small size tuber length SecSP Secondary sprouting Emergence of secondary sprouts on a plant Secondary sprouting Sprout Visual assessment of the plant vigour in a plot at two month after planting Plant Vigor - Estimation Assess the color of leaf on a young plant Leaf color - Estimation Time last seed germination occurred Seeds germination end time germination ending time Seed germend Vines established-computation Compute the proportion or ratio of vines cuttings survive and producing shoots from the total of planted vine cuttings Compute average tuber length of all size tubers measurement taken in a net plot Tuber length-Computation TastePndedYam Pounded yam taste Taste of pounded yam when eaten without any additional complementary food Taste of pounded yam Crumbness scale 0-100 NIRS model prediction - computation Prediction of sugar content using NIRS spectra (FOSS 6500) of tuber flour sample Number Observe the leaf abundance or mass on a mature plant and rate the density Leaf density - Estimation Internode length - computation Measure the length of internode at 1m height on five (5) plants and record the average Distance to which the deformed material can be sretchable Pounded yam Springiness of pounded yam Springiness sprgpdym Tsurvrat Seedling Establishment rate of seedlings four weeks after transplanting operation Survival rate Seedling transplant survival rate Visual assessment of the tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain mature height and spread Plant type-Estimation Record date when plant/s having the first inflorescence in a plot First inflorescence time - Estimation colored spot Spine Presence of spot on spine base Presence of colored spots at the spine base of sprouted shoots (vine) with spines SPBCOL Purpleness BoilYamPurp Purple colour tending to pink after cooking Boiled root surface Boiled yam purpleness Haversted plant Number of plants harvested NPH Stand harvested number number Tuber flesh Intensity of tuber flesh enzymatic oxidation (degree of flesh color change or browning of cut yam tuber) Oxidation intensity Tuber flesh browning Record the date of fruits harvest in a crossing block or from plant Fruit harvesting time- Estimation Dry rot presence on harvested tubers-Estimation Observe the occurance or presence of dry rot caused by nematods (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) on harvested tubers and record the presence and absence Compute the number of big size tubers produced per plant using the formula number of big size tuber in a plot divided by the total number of harvested plants Big size tubers per plant-computation 0-4 general scale tuber number/plant Tuber Dry rot caused by nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Practylenchus spp.) in tubers at harvest Dryrot Dry rot severity Yam tuber dry rot severity Determination of the predominant shape in the entire family/plot as a unit Tuber shape - Estimation Compute number of growing degree days required from planting (or 50% emergence) to 50% foliage senescence or maturity. Growing degree days to maturity-Estimation Averaged crop cover compactness over two subplots images around time of 50% of maximum ground cover. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 50% of maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Images choosen as near as possible of date of time at 50% of maximum growth . Compactness computed as the ration between ground cover area (pixels) and its respective convex hull area (pixels). Ratio between subplot ground cover area and its respective convex hull area - Computation plant per plot Leaf apex shape-Estimation Record leaf apex shape of mature plants in a plot Tuber beetle severity or intensity estimated usually as number of nymph present in tubers at harvesting time. Tuber beetle severity - Estimation Hardness scale 0-100 Tuber yield no adjusted- Computation Computed as total tuber weight per plot divided by size of net or effective harvest plot and result multiplied by 10 After breaking or cutting, breaking or crumbling, evaluate the intensity of fine fibers between the fingers and visible to the eye Texture in the hand method Corm type-Estimation Record the corm type as regular, transversally elongated or brached using scale Cohesiveness of pounded yam- Estimation Score the degree to which particles of a pounded yam stick together or how moldable it is using intensity scale Mealybug tuber severity estimation on infested tubers at time harvesting Mealybug tuber severity - Estimation Mealybug tuber incidence - Computation Compute the proportion tubers infested with mealybugs from the total number of harvested tubers per effective plot at time of harvesting. Record date when 50% of plants in a plot begin producing bulbils or aerial tubers Bulbil initiaition time - Estimation Presence or absence of corm on tuber Corm on tuber Presence Corm corm Boiled yam appearance appboiledyam Boiled yam appearance The optical appearance of boiled yam related with surface glossy or dullness and light scattering power of boiled yam structure Boiled yam surface black points presence Boiled root surface BoilYamBlackspo Refers to the presence of small black points on the surface of product Black points presence rvt Position of appearance of roots at surface of tubers Tuber Place of roots on tubers Prtbs Roots position Total tubers per plant-computation Compute as the total number of tubers in a net plot divided by the number of harvested plant per net plot scale_of Brownness scale 0-100 Fruits harvested number - Counting Record the number of harvested fruits per cross Time of first seed germination-Estimation Record date the first seed germination observed per cross or family Compute the proportion tubers with tubers beetle damage from the total number of harvested tubers in the effective plot at harvesting time. Tuber beetle incidence - Computation Compute the proportion of seedlings per family (cross) establish well and ready for transplanting, usually recorded at five weeks after sowing. Seedling establishment rate-computation Tuber flesh oxidation intensity-Estimation Score the intensity of tuber flesh oxidation (flesh surface color change) at different time interval (0, 30, 60, 180 minutes after cutting) using scale Brown colour of product after cooking Boiled yam brownness Boiled root surface BoilYamBrow Brownness Tuber flesh color lower or tail portion- Estimation Observe and record fresh cut tuber flesh surface color at the tail portion of the tuber at harvesting time. Averaged senescence earliness expressed in days from median emergence to 5% senescence (i.e. 95% of maximum ground cover after time to maximum ground cover) in two subplots. Ground cover computed from weekly images analysis. Time at 95% of maximum growth after time at maximum growth computed via inverse regression of time to event Beta ground cover dynamic model. Duration from median emergence to 5% senescence of subplot - Computation number of leaf variable_of gm/sett