weak to medium 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EndoHard_E_1to5 CIMMYT 2 semi-hard and semi-transparent grains PRI_M_idx CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla red 9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla OP_M_Mpa Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SCond_M_mmolm2s BSDMInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ASI_Cmp_day Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT CSCInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GThk_M_mm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_FW_gPlot CIMMYT CIMMYT GUpSSh_E_1to6 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EndoLys_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GRArr_E_1to4 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FgramERSev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EWormInc_Ct_plntPlot GTrp_NIRS_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 light purple Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslOpen_E_1to5 CIMMYT TslGlBAnCol_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GLys_M_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CRustSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AphDmg_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 5 postrate EW_FW_kgPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla HskCov_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT HSmutSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PsacchInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla moderately (50% ) infested 3 3 Lowest rank CIMMYT CharRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SteWiltInc_Ct_plntPlot FusERSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LSucrose_M_umolg CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSCMSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EPo_E_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SLodgInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla WI_M_idx EN_Ct_earPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EW_M_gear CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PH_M_cm CIMMYT AWornDmg_CompRank_Bl3 2 bronze medium 3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MLNSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT CIMMYT PHvst_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DTA Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Ant_DT_day CIMMYT PAsp_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CobGlAnCol_E_1to9 BHskCovInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AntAnCol_E_1to2 CIMMYT 6 strongly pointed 1 absent GW_DW_g200grn 200KW Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ALBInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT CharRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 100% 1 CIMMYT GNC_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BusseolaInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RustSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 4 weak PDMInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla conical 1 CIMMYT FgramERSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EturcSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT poor 4 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SmaySev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BactSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MSVSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TSCSev_E_pct CSmutInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BactSRInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DiabroticaDmg_E_1to5 spiral 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PsacchInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT PstTol_CompRank_Bl3 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSSSev_E_pct CIMMYT LSucrose_M_mgg CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla HSmutInc_Cmp_pct SdSizUse_compRank_Bl3 95% 2 semi-dent 4 SCMVInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DsTol_CompRank_Bl3 MCob_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT weak 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PytSRInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AstriInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GSucrose_M_umolg very vigorous 1 TSCSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AstriInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT WeevInc_E_1to5 5 medium infection CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GWid_M_mm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LRollSev_E_1to5 3 dense CIMMYT StemCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GW_Adj_g100grn CobNb_CompRank_Bl3 ELng_M_mm GxE Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PDMInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SdlngVig_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 3 purple CIMMYT OA_M_Mpa Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LErect_E_1to4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT PLSSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AspERSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT BHskCovInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 11-20% dead leaf area 2 CIMMYT MRFVInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla NDVI_M_idx CIMMYT 4 semi-soft and semi-opaque grains CSCMSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TRustSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT SilkGrwR_Cmp_cmday Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LodgInc_E_1to5 CIMMYT CIMMYT SdlngDisInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AleuCol_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla StrigaDmg_E_1to5 CIMMYT green 1 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSucrose_M_umolg Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GProt_Cmp_pct CIMMYT GTex_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla drooping 4 PERSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla intermediate 2 TslGlAnCol_E_1to2 CIMMYT BusseolaDmg_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslGlAnCol_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AflavERSev_E_pct present 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BLSBSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT TslGlAnCol_E_1to5 BSDMInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 semi-floury (morocho), with an external layer of hard endoseprm. Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PytSRInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT 2 good 2 short CIMMYT LAsh_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GWLostWeev_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BCLSSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT CIMMYT TslDen_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMVSev_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CobGlCol_E_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RLodgInc_Cmp_pct TslBN_Ct_branch CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GTrp_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT TRustSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LProline_M_ugg CIMMYT strong to very strong 8 MRDVInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PericCol_E_1to5 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GLSSev_E_pct CIMMYT not severely rolled leaves 4 excellent germination (90-100%) 1 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FgramERSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MRFVInc_Ct_plntPlot AD CIMMYT Ant_Date_ymd Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MLNSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 1 erect CIMMYT EWormDmg_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LGBDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AflavERSev_E_1to9 ShellCobW_FW_gPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CTMInc_Cmp_pct Shell_Cmp_ratio Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Aflatox_M_ppb Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMVInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GW_Adj_g1000grn yellow 4 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MSVSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSev_E_1to9 3 semi horizontal unrolled 1 primary 1 DMSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DTM Mat_DT_day CIMMYT 2 grayyish white CIMMYT EndoProt_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_Rank_number CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla StenSRInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT 5 very long Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GMoi_NIRS_pct ELSen_Date_ymd CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ELSenD 6 flint very strong 9 CIMMYT TslBW_DW_g Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LateWiltInc_Ct_plntPlot HSmutSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PpolySev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GLng_M_mm CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla RustSev_E_pct 5 very weak intermediate 3 1 no infection UpESh_E_1to4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT moderately susceptible, disease symptoms covering up to 50% 3 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSmutSev_E_pct CIMMYT EW_DW_kgPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MLNSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMJInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 4 low to medium infection TSCSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EPo_Cmp_ratio CIMMYT GStarch_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSCMSev_E_pct CIMMYT CIMMYT EDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla HSmutSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslBlastSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EGrwR_Cmp_gplntday CIMMYT 51-60% dead leave area 6 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LCol_E_1to5 CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla YLChl_M_CCI SilkAnCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GZinc_M_ppm CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SRInc_Ct_plntPlot strong 4 GY_Adj_kgha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EH_M_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 1 highly resistant, clean no (%) infection OvPerf_CompRank_Bl3 6 white cap CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SdlngDisInc_Ct_plntPlot GAsh_NIRS_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Mat_Cmp_Cday MaturityGDU CIMMYT ELLng_M_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ShellCobW_FW_kgPlot CIMMYT DMSSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GSucrose_M_pct CIMMYT DMSSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla rounded 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT StdGerm_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SmaySev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla absent 0 BwSpotSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LABA_M_ngg Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ALBInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMVInc_Cmp_pct MSVSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 5 very high level of blasting weak 3 ShtPub_E_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BHskCovInc_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BmaySev_E_1to9 CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PStand_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DiatraeaDmg_E_1to5 BCLSSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GmRt_CompRank_Bl3 TslGlBAnCol_E_1to2 CIMMYT CTMInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EWid_M_mm Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GxE GrMark_CompRank_Bl3 Sen_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SLodgInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslGlBAnCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT CIMMYT GProline_M_mgg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslExer_E_1to5 2 very low infection medium 5 CIMMYT CLSSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 3 primary-secondary-tertiary Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PLSSev_E_pct CIMMYT GY_DW_kgPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla lax 1 low to moderate level of blasting 2 Gcol_CompRank_Bl3 SRInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla high ear position 3 FmonSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TRustSev_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Chl_M_CCI CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GABA_M_ugg RABA_M_ngg CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PERSev_E_pct other 5 DMSInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla white 1 GOil_NIRS_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 Middle rank CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslTyp_E_1to3 EShape_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ELng_M_cm GY_FW_tha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla reddish 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SCMVInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT 8 very high infection MSVInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AbStr_CompRank_Bl3 GY_CompRank_Bl3 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EturcSev_E_pct 7 61-70% dead leave area CIMMYT GW_DW_g100grn Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 100KW GY_FW_kgPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT indented 2 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EN_Cmp_earplnt CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FmonSRInc_Cmp_pct FusERSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 conical-cylindrical Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_RelChk_pct CompLoc_CompRank_Bl3 GIron_M_ppm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla StBorDmg_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_FW_g100grn Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonSRSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_RGY_pct CIMMYT BLSBSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 9 81-90% dead leave area no dead leaf area 0 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CRustSev_E_1to5 ERInc_Ct_earPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AntAnCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FgramSRInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT SmaySev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla moderate to high level of blasting 4 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SteWiltInc_Cmp_pct MSTVInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StenSRInc_Ct_plntPlot acronym GMoi_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSmutSev_E_1to5 GW_DW_g1000grn TGW 1000KW CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TKW CSSSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RProl_M_ugg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FusSRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LWid_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT WeevN_Ct_weevil CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 1 absent or very weak Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PERSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GW_FW_g1000grn moderate level of blasting 3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GRN_Ct_rowear CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla RustSev_E_1to5 GLng_CompRank_Bl3 GABA_M_pgg CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 7 high infection 5 soft and opaque grains CIMMYT AnthesisGDU Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Ant_Cmp_Cday intermediate grain hardness 3 MD Mat_Date_ymd Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MRCVInc_Cmp_pct Semi-dent, intermediate between dent and flint but closer to dent 4 2 medium Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSmutInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MSVInc_Ct_plntPlot HSmutInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Sen_E_0to10 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 ear around mid-plant very strong 5 brown 5 BCLSSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT pointed 5 Silk_Date_ymd CIMMYT SD Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Tillering_Ct_tllrplnt Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslSiz_E_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Shell_Cmp_pct RSucrose_M_ngug Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EndoTrp_M_pct 5 purple 4 variegated Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FungDis_E_0to1 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSCInc_Ct_plntPlot RGlucose_M_ngug CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PUnif_E_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla other 5 dense 3 open 4 red 3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AflavERSev_E_1to5 purple 4 resistant, disease symptoms covering up to 20% 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LateWiltInc_Cmp_pct StrigaPN_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PpolySev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ELSen_DT_day DTELSen MRCVInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla RLodgInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT MSTVInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ERInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ChiloDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MCob_Ct_plntPlot Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AspERSev_E_pct CIMMYT very compact 1 CSSSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 71-80% dead leave area 8 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RootCapac_M_uF CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FungDis_E_text Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GAsh_M_pct white 1 1 large CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GGlucose_M_ugmg ELChl_M_CCI Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GOil_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT strong 7 3 small 5 very poor germination (0-10%) intermediate 3 3 moderately (50% ) damaged CIMMYT CLSSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 slightly (20%) infested CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EWormInc_Cmp_pct clean, no damage 1 AntAnCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT 3 red CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PVig_E_1to5 CIMMYT EturcSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_DW_gPlot CIMMYT FmonSRSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BwSpotSev_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GVitA_M_µgg Significantly (70%) damaged 4 1 regular 4 Significantly (70%) infested orange 5 severly infested 5 TslAnCol_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PHTslB_M_cm GrTast_CompRank_Bl3 FusSRInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSev_E_pct CIMMYT 1 shrunken Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GTW_M_lbbsh GxE 1 Highest rank CIMMYT EHvst_Ct_earPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CLSSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSmutSev_E_1to9 SilkLng_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PpolySev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla attribute highly (>80%) damaged 5 2 Middle rank sun red 2 AWormDmg_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AspERSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 3 desirable LAsh_NIRS_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMJInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EW_FW_gPlot Opaque 2/QPM 9 EDia_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ELW_M_g secondary 2 8 sweet CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BmaySev_E_pct CIMMYT GLSSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla highly susceptible, disease symptoms covering >80% 5 2 slightly (20%) damaged BwSpotSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FgramSRInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GGlucose_M_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_FW_kgha CIMMYT 3 intermediate germination (30-69%) MAIZE ontology susceptible, disease symptoms covering upto 70% 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonSRSev_E_1to5 medium to high infection 6 1 1-10% dead leaf area CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BmaySev_E_1to5 CIMMYT EAsp_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FmonERSev_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GTyp_E_1to11 FmonERSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla straight 3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PHFL_M_cm green 2 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MRDVInc_Ct_plntPlot semi-flint 2 medium to strong 6 mixed 3 CIMMYT CRustSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_Adj_tha Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT dark purple 3 2 irregular low ear position 1 3 red MatT_CompRank_BL3 very poor 5 semi open 3 very weak to weak 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CT_M_C GrStor_CompRank_Bl3 EndoCol_E_1to6 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Silk_DT_day DTS CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FusERSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT GLSSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PLSSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 yellow light green 1 brown 5 1 no infestation Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GN_Cmp_grnplnt flint 1 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GProt_NIRS_pct pale yellow 3 2 turgid leaves 1 hard and transparent grains purple 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_DW_kgha 3 21-30% dead leaf area 3 level sparse 1 normal 2 conical 3 severely rolled leaves, undesirable 5 4 brown 31-40% dead leaf area 4 3 cylindrical CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BLSBSev_E_pct cylindrical-conical 2 FmonERSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 absent 41-50% dead leave area 5 GW_FW_g200grn CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 5 dent Semi-flint, flint with a soft cap 5 Highest rank 1 1 very short compact 2 severe infection 9 3 dark green Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_Adj_g200grn no blasting 1 6 orange 4 poor germination (11-29%) GY_DW_tha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LLng_M_cm CIMMYT 2 semi erect low infection 3 cylindrical 1 long 4 2 good germination (70-89%) medium 3 1 floury 8 white cap GY_FW_lbPlot GxE Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 7 pop 1 colorless white 1 cream 2 mottled 7 1 present vigorous 2 colorless 1 entity Lowest rank 3 excellent 1 normal 3 3 dent 4 round Observe plants carefully and record date when 50% of plants within a plot area have silks visible (female flowering date). This is determined on a daily basis by counting the number of plants with at least one silk extruded divided by the total number of plants in the plot. Silking date - Estimation Maize dwarf mosaic virus incidence Plant Maize dwarf mosaic virus incidence DMVInc Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) incidence. cm Count the number of plants that are affected by black bundle per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. AstriInc - Counting Rank: 3 YLChl Chlorophyll content Young leaf chlorophyll content Young leaf Chlorophyll content in the young leaf. Weight of shelled cob. ShellCobW Shelled cob weight or yield Shelled cob weight PH - Measurement Recommended to take multiple plants and measure the height from the base of a plant to the top of the tassel, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. Grain color color GCol Color of the grain. Grain g/100grain Observe bacterial leaf stripe severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). BCLSSev - Estimation 1-4 Leaf erectness scale plant/plot Plant Plants ability to thrive, adapt, and produce desired outcomes in a given environment or context. Overall performance Overall performance BusseolaInc - Counting Count the number plants that are damaged by busseola (african stem borer) per plot. Observe common smut severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). CSmutSev - Estimation GLng - Measurement Average of 10 consecutive grains from one row in the middle of the uppermost ear, measured with calliper. Standard method for tassel blasting. TslBlastSev - Estimation 1-5 WeevDmgInc scale Observe rust severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). RustSev - Estimation ng/µg DMSInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by sorghum downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Tassel TslBlastSev blasting severity Tassel blasting severity Observation of blasting severity of the tassel (necrosis due to heat stress) at the time of flowering. It occurs under extreme temperatures and drought. AspERSev - Estimation Observe aspergillus ear rot severity on the harvested ears per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Observe the plants that are damaged by any fungal diseases. FungDis - Estimation Tassel branching type Branching type of tassel. branching type TslTyp Tassel Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products ​ Measure the thickness of the same 10 grains used for taking grain length measurement. GThk - Measurement Divide the total number of StenSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. StenSRInc - Computation Observe the ears damage caused by ear rot and/or insects per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. EDmg - Estimation Standard method for leaf erectness LErect - Estimation Standard method for sheath pubescence content. ShtPub - Estimation Ear leaf weight Ear leaf ELW weight Weight of ear leaf (blade). WeevInc Grain Maize weevil incidence Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) incidence on grain. Maize weevil incidence Grain Whole-grain zinc content. GZinc Grain zinc content Zinc content Endosperm color EndoCol Color of the endosperm. color Endosperm DMJInc Java downy mildew incidence Plant Java downy mildew incidence Java downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis) incidence. Plant Lodging incidence LodgInc Observation of lodging severity. lodging incidence HSmutSev Plant Head smut severity Head smut severity Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) severity. Abscisic acid content in the grain. Abscisic acid content GABA Grain Grain abscisic acid content Tassel exertion Tassel exertion. Tassel TslExer exertion 1-5 damage scoring scale EAsp Ear aspect Observation of harvested ears based on some morphological and agronomical characters such as ear size, total numbers of ear harvested per plot, ear damaged caused by insects or/and diseases. Ear aspect PRI - Measurement Standard method for photochemical radiation index. Busseola damage BusseolaDmg Plant damage caused by Busseola larvae. Busseola damage Plant GLng Grain length Grain length Grain length. 1-5 disease scoring scale weight Grain weight of mature kernels. GW Grain weight Grain Ear Penicillium ear rot severity Penicillium ear rot severity Penicillium ear rot severity. PERSev Grain yield Grain yield per unit area, either field weight basis, dry weight basis or adjusted to 12.5% grain moisture. GY Grain yield MRFVInc Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) incidence. Maize rayado fino virus incidence Plant Maize rayado fino virus incidence Ear The ratio of grain to total ear weight. Shell Shelling ratio Ear shelling ratio ASI - Computation Count number of days from planting date to anthesis and silking to determine days to anthesis (DTA) and days to silking (DTS), respectively and determine anthesis silking interval (ASI) by calculating: ASI = DTS-DTA. Banded leaf and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii) severity. BLSBSev Banded leaf and sheath blight severity Leaf Banded leaf and sheath blight severity Ear ERInc Ear rot incidence Ear rot incidence. Ear rot incidence Count the total number of plants harvested per plot/entry. PHvst - Counting Count the total number of ears with bad husk cover. BHskCovInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by maize dwarf mosaic virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. DMVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. SRInc - Counting BSDMInc - Computation Divide the total number of BSDM damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Charcoal rot or (Macrophomina phaseolina) incidence. Charcoal rot incidence CharRInc Plant Charcoal rot incidence Standard method for ear shape EShape - Estimation g PDMInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by philippine downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Plant Photochemical radiation index Photochemical radiation index. A canopy reflectance index indicating photosynthetic radiation use efficiency. PRI photochemical radiation index Standard method for silk Anthocyanin coloration. SilkAnCol - Estimation 1-4 Ear shape scale Measured with a portable chlorophyll meter (e.g. SPAD). Take the average measure from leaves of six alternating plants and use always leaves of similar insertion level. Chl - Measurement Observe aspergillus flavus ear rot severity on the harvested ears per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). AflavERSev - Estimation MSTVInc Maize stripe virus incidence Maize stripe virus incidence Plant Maize stripe virus (MSTV) incidence. uF Divide the total number of PytSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PytSRInc - Computation PERSev - Estimation Observe penicillium ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Tryptophan content Endosperm Tryptophan content EndoTrp Endosperm Tryptophan content in grain endosperm. RustSev Rust severity Rust severity Multiple rust pathogens severity. Leaf MRCVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by mal de rio cuarto virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. taste Taste of the grain (after cooking? Raw?) Grain taste Grain Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity FmonSRSev Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity. Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity Plant g/plot Observe common rust severity on plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). CRustSev - Estimation Shell - Computation Use formula to calculate ear sheeling ratio. Count the total number of ears that damaged or/and rotten per plot. ERInc - Counting Endosperm hardness. EndoHard hardness Endosperm hardness Endosperm MCob Incidence of multiple cobs, as plants that have multiple ears arising from a single node. Multiple cob incidence Plant multiple cob incidence Observe the ears hask cover and rate it. HskCov - Estimation GLys Lysine content Grain Grain Lysine content Whole-grain Lysine content. HSmutSev - Estimation Observe head smut severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). % Silk length Silk SilkLng length Silk length. 1-5 Grain texture scale Standard method for whole-grain protein content. % Protein = % of nitrogen x 6.25 GProt - Computation Grain number Grain number Grain number. GN NIRS GProt- Measurement NIRS method for whole-grain protein content. Whole-grain Tryptophan content. Tryptophan content Grain Tryptophan content Grain GTrp Standard method for whole-grain lysin content. GLys - Measurement Divide the total number of MRFV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MRFVInc - Computation Recommended to take multiple plants and measure the height from the base of a plant to the insertion of the first tassel branch, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. PHTslB - Measurement FW GY - Computation Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in fresh (field) weight basis. Anthocyanin coloration of anthers. Anther Anthocyanin coloration AntCol Anther Anthocyanin coloration Diatraea damage Plant DiatraeaDmg Plant damage caused by Diatraea species. Diatraea damage Mpa Observe maydis leaf blight severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). BmaySev - Estimation DMVInc - Computation Divide the total number of DMV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Shell the grains (kernels) from the ears harvested per plot and put grains in a paper bag and dry at 60-70¡C for 1-2 days, then measure and record the weight of dried grain. DW GY - Measurement Record shelled cob field weight. ShellCobW - Measurement (duplicate) EturcSev - Estimation Observe turcicum leaf blight severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Anthracnose leaf blight incidence ALBInc Plant Anthracnose leaf blight incidence Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) incidence. Divide the total number of FusSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. FusSRInc - Computation CSCMSev - Estimation Observe maize busy stunt severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). SdlngDisInc Seedling disease incidence. Seedling disease incidence Plant Seedling disease incidence Observe the maize plant damage caused by striga per plot. StrigaDmg - Estimation Fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity. FmonERSev Ear Fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity Fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity 1-9 disease scoring scale Sucrose - Measurement Standard method for sucrose content. NIRS method for oil content NIRS GOil - Measurement DiabroticaDmg - Estimation Observe the plant damage caused by Diabrotica per plot. 1-9 Anthocyanin coloration scale size TslSiz Tassel size. Tassel size Tassel Aspergillus ear rot severity Aspergillus ear rot severity Ear AspERSev Aspergillus ear rot severity. Common rust severity Leaf Common rust severity Severity of common rust ( Puccinia sorghi). CRustSev Crazy top downy mildew incidence Crazy top (Sclerophthora macrospora) incidence. CTMInc Crazy top downy mildew incidence Plant Silking time Silk Plant silking time Silking time. Sorghum downy mildew severity Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) severity. Sorghum downy mildew severity Plant DMSSev Ear Ear harvested number harvested number Number of ears harvested. EHvst Mal de rio cuarto virus incidence Mal de rio cuarto virus (MRCV) incidence. Mal de rio cuarto virus incidence MRCVInc Plant Observation of ears with bad husk cover. BHskCovInc - Estimation ear/plot Number of plants per unit area. PStand stand Plant stand Plant ppb LCol - Estimation Standard method for leaf color. Divide the total number of LateWilt damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. LateWiltInc - Computation Root lodging incidence. The plants that show root lodging, i.e. those stems that are inclining by more than 45¡. root lodging incidence Root lodging incidence RLodgInc Plant Germination rate is calculated by dividing the number of seeds that sprout by the total number of seeds started, and then multiplying that number by 100 to get a percentage. Germination Grain Germination rate Ear Stenocarpella ear rot severity Stenocarpella ear rot severity SmaySev Stenocarpella (=Diplodia) ear rot severity. Observe the plant damage caused by chilo per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. ChiloDmg - Estimation TSCSev Leaf Tar spot complex severity Tar spot complex (Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis) severity. Tar spot complex severity TRustSev Leaf Tropical rust (Physopella zeae) severity. Tropical rust severity Tropical rust severity EAsp - Estimation Harvest ears per plot (eliminate first and last plants to avoid border effects) and score ear aspect combining several ear-associated traits. Note: Combination of traits usually differs from one breeder to another depending on type of study. Stomatal conductance Leaf Leaf stomatal conductance SCond Stomatal conductance BLSBSev - Estimation Observe banded leaf and sheath blight severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Black bundle (Acremonium strictum) incidence. AstriInc Black bundle incidence Black bundle incidence Plant 1-5 Aleurone color scale Maize streak virus incidence Plant Maize streak virus incidence MSVInc Maize streak virus incidence (MSV) incidence. CharRInc - Computation Divide the total number of CharRot damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Whole-grain oil content. Grain oil content Oil content GOil Grain Corn stunt spiroplasma severity CSSSev Plant Corn stunt spiroplasma severity. Corn Spiroplasma stunt severity SilkGrwR - Computation Standard method for silk growth rate. Observe the aleurone color, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession. AleuCol - Estimation Uniformity of plants. uniformity Plant uniformity PUnif Plant FusERSev - Estimation Observe fusarium ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). PpolySev - Estimation Observe polysora rust severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Ear husk cover observed as degree of the husk covering the tip of the ear. HskCov Ear husk cover husk cover Ear Count the number of plants that have more than one ear growing from the same node. MCob - Counting Plant Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) incidence. Maize rough dwarf virus incidence Maize rough dwarf virus incidence MRDVInc NIRS LAsh - Measurement NIRS method for leaves ash content Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in fresh (field) weight basis. FW GY - Computation 1-3 Plant uniformity scale Maturity time maturity time Plant Maturity time. Ear diameter EDia diameter Ear diameter measured at the central part of uppermost ear. Ear Plant Sugarcane mosaic virus incidence SCMVInc Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) incidence. Sugarcane mosaic virus incidence Color of the pericarp. Pericarp PericCol Pericarp color color It is calculated as the numerical position of the progeny when yields are arrenged from highest to lowest. GYRank - Computation Standard method for glumes tassel Anthocyanin coloration. The measurement should exclude the bases of the glumes. TslGlAnCol - Estimation EN - Computation Compute number of ears using the formula. 1-5 Stem color scale Grain moisture. Grain moisture GMoi Grain moisture content Ash content in maize leaves. Leaf ash content Leaf Ash content LAsh AstriInc - Computation Divide the total number of ASTRI damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PytSRInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by pythium stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Anthocyanin coloration Silk Anthocyanin coloration of stigmas. SilkCol Silk Anthocyanin coloration Grain Grain texture as a measure of the variation on the intensity of a surface, quantifying properties such as smoothness, coarseness and regularity of the grain. Grain texture GTex texture Count the number of plants that are affected by sugarcane downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. PsacchInc - Counting Plant CSCInc Corn stunt complex (corn stunt spiroplasma, maize bushy stunt phytoplasma [= mycoplasma], maize rayado fino virus) incidence. Corn stunt incidence Corn stunt incidence Divide the total number of DMS damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. DMSInc - Computation Ear worm (Heliothis) incidence. Earworm incidence Ear Earworm incidence EWormInc EndoLys - Measurement Standard method for endosperm lysin content. t/ha Grain test weight of mature kernels. Grain test weight Grain GTW test weight GIron Grain Grain iron content Whole-grain iron content. Iron content Size of seeds matching demand for a use or a market Seed size for target use/market size Grain Number of Striga hermonthica plants. Striga Plant number Striga plant number StrigaPN SteWiltInc - Computation Divide the total number of SteWilt damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. EGrwR - Computation Standard method for ear growth rate. Aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) damage. AphDmg Aphid damage Plant Aphid damage TslOpen - Estimation Standard method for tassel opening growth rate Growth rate of silk. SilkGrwR Silk growth rate Silk Standard method for whole-grain starch content. GStarch - Measurement 1-5 Pericarp color scale GW FW - Measurement Count and weigh grains randomly selected from the total grains. Observe the shape of the upper surface of grain, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession, after harvest. GUpSSh - Estimation SmaySev - Estimation Observe stenocarpella ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). MSTVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by maize stripe virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Count the number of plants that are affected by maize streak virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MSVInc - Counting Measure sample weight of grains per plot after harvest, record dry weight of the same samples and calculate grain moisture content for each sample using formula: 100*(Wt of sample - Dry Weight)/Wt of sample. GMoi - Computation Grain proline content Proline content in the grain. GProline Proline content Grain WeevN - Counting Standard method for maize weevil number in a sample. Weevils were counted only once (at the end of a 45-d incubation period) RGY - Computation Relative grain yield expressed as percentage of the mean grain yield of the trial. Values above 100% indicate above-average performance; values below 100% indicate below-average performance. Observe downy mildew severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). DMSev - Estimation Standard method for tassel density TslDen - Estimation EPo - Estimation Determine ear position using 1-3 scale. Plant anthesis time Anthesis time. Anthesis time Ant Seedling Seedling vigor Seedling vigor. SdlngVig vigor EDmg Ear Ear damage Ear damage Ear damage caused by ear rot and/or insects, etc. g/200grain grain/plant Ear shelling ratio Ear growth rate Growth rate of the ear(s) on a plant. It may include the sum of the apical and sub-apical ear growth from prolific plants. Ear growth rate EGrwR Grain GProt Grain protein content Whole-grain protein content. Protein content StemCol Stem Stem color color Color of the stem. Tillering tillering Number of tillers per plant. Tillering Plant 1-3 Tassel density scale Maturity date - Estimation Record the date when excised kernels are longitudinally cut to expose a black internal abscission layer at the base of the kernel that signals the kernel has ceased to absorb nutrients or moisture from the mother plants. 1-3 density scale 1-5 Endosperm hardness scale FgramSRInc - Counting Count the plants that are affected by fusarium graminearum stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in dry weight basis. Dry weight basis GY - Computation AflavERSev Ear Aspergillus flavus ear rot severity Aspergillus flavus ear rot severity. Aspergillus flavus ear rot severity OA - Measurement Standard method for osmotic adjustment. Shell the grains (kernels) from the ears harvested per plot and put grains in a paper bag and dry at 60-70¡C for 1-2 days, then measure and record the weight of dried grain. DW GY - Measurement Count the number of plants that are affected by head smut per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. HSmutInc - Counting CLSSev - Estimation Observe curvularia leaf spot severity on plants per plot based on the degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Divide the total number of PDM damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PDMInc - Computation MRDVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by maize rough dwarf virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. StdGerm Standard germination. Standard germination Standard germination Grain Fusarium ear rot severity FusERSev Ear Fusarium ear rot severity Fusarium ear rot severity. Standard method for root capitance. RootCapac - Measurement Leaf color LCol Color of the leaf. color Leaf Count total number of plants per plot. PStand - Counting TslBN - Counting Standard method for tassel branches number. Number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants have a dry ear leaf. Count the number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants have a dry ear leaf. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and ear leaf senescence date. Days to ear leaf senescence date - Computation Days to maturity - Computation Number of days required from seeding to grain ripening. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and maturity date. index StBorDmg Plant Stem borer damage includes different stem borers such as Chilo partellus, Sesamia spp. and Spodoptera. Stem borer damage Stem borer damage Count the number of plants that are affected by the common smut per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. CSmutInc - Counting density Tassel Density of spikelets. Tassel density TslDen EndoHard - Estimation Determine quality of endosperm such as hardness in the lab and use 1-5 to scale to score it. EWormInc - Counting Count the number of ear damage caused by earworm per plot. Aleurone AleuCol Color of the aleurone. Aleurone color color weight Weight of tassel branches. TslBW Tassel branch weight Tassel branch Observe the plants per plot with the leaves rolled. LRollSev - Estimation Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products ​ Comparative ranking by farmers method StemCol - Estimation Observe the stem color between the two topmost ears. Standard method for aflatoxin content. Aflatox - Measurement Anthocyanin coloration CobGlCol Anthocyanin coloration of cob glumes. Cob glumes Anthocyanin coloration Cob glumes Count the number of plants that are affected by DMJ per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. DMJInc - Counting MSVSev Maize streak virus severity (MSV) severity. Maize streak virus severity Plant Maize streak virus severity Chlorophyll content Chl Chlorophyll content Leaf Leaf chlorophyll content. Diabrotica damage Plant damage caused by Diabrotica species. DiabroticaDmg Plant Diabrotica damage Leaf Polysora rust (in lowlands Puccinia polysora) severity. Polysora rust severity Polysora rust severity PpolySev 1-3 Ear position scale FusSRInc - Counting Count the plants that are affected by fusarium stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Anthocyanin coloration TslGlBCol Anthocyanin coloration at base of tassel glumes. Tassel glumes base Anthocyanin coloration Tassel glumes base Proline - Measurement Standard method for proline content. TSCSev - Estimation Observe tarspot complex severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). HSmutInc - Computation Divide the total number of HSmut damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. CSCInc - Counting Count the total number of plants that are affected by corn stunt complex per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Optimum number of measurements: i) Vegetative stage: Weekly measurements from 2 to 6 weeks after planting; ii) Flowering: only for inbred lines. NDVI - Measurement Count the number of plants that are affected by maize bushy stunt per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MRFVInc - Counting Sen - Estimation Observe dead leaf area per plant/plot and rate. FmonSRInc - Counting Count the plants that are affected by fusarium moniliforme stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. NIRS Moi - Measurement Measure moisture of a grain sample using NIRS moisture analyzer. Maydis leaf blight severity Maydis leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis = Helminthosporium maydis) severity. Leaf Maydis leaf blight severity BmaySev Common smut (Ustilago maydis, syn. U. zeae)incidence. Common smut incidence Common smut incidence CSmutInc Plant GTW - Computation Standard method for grain test weight. Divide the total number of MRCV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MRCVInc - Computation Standard method for cob tassel Anthocyanin coloration. The anthocyanin Anthocyanin colorationation should be observed on the middle third of the uppermost cob, after the removal of some of the grains. CobGlAnCol - Estimation Cob number Number of cobs Cob Number Grain width GWid Grain width. width Grain Plant osmotic adjustment Osmotic adjustment Osmotic adjustment as ability of the plant to adjust the osmotic potential under stress conditions. OA Anthesis silking interval Anthesis silking interval. Plant ASI anthesis silking interval FungDis Plant Fungal disease presence Fungal disease presence The trait is scored for the response to the diseases caused by several fungi. ABA - Measurement Standard method for abscisic acid content. Late wilt incidence Plant Late wilt (Cephalosporium maydis) incidence. LateWiltInc Late wilt incidence Plant PsacchInc Sugarcane downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sacchari) incidence. Sugarcane downy mildew incidence Sugarcane downy mildew incidence normalized difference vegetation index NDVI Plant Normalized difference vegetation index Canopy normalized difference vegetation index. ng/g LRollSev Severity of leaf rolling, usually scored under drought stress. rolling severity Leaf rolling severity Leaf Tassel glumes Anthocyanin coloration Tassel glumes TslGlCol Anthocyanin coloration Anthocyanin coloration of tassel glumes excluding the bases of the glumes. Sucrose content Grain GSucrose Sucrose content in the grain Grain sucrose content The number of maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) hatching and emerging from an infested grain sample within a given period. Large values indicate susceptibility to grain weevils, small values indicate partial resistance to grain weevils. Maize weevil number in Grain Maize weevil number WeevN Grain AphDmg - Estimation Observe the plant damage caused by aphids per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. weight Ear weight EW Weight of mature upper ear, including cob and kernels, and at a defined moisture content, although often this is not provided. Ear Sorghum downy mildew incidence Sorghum downy mildew incidence DMSInc Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) incidence. Plant grain row number Number of grain rows in the central part of the uppermost ear. GRN Ear Grain row number Standard method for tassel branches dry weight. TslBW - Measurement Plants harvested havested number PHvst Plant Number of plants harvested per unit area. Earworm damage Ear worm (Heliothis) damage. Earworm damage Ear EWormDmg FmonERSev - Estimation Observe fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity on plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Fusarium graminearum stalk rot incidence FgramSRInc Plant Fusarium graminearum stalk rot incidence. Fusarium graminearum stalk rot incidence position Ear EPo Ear position as a ratio of ear height to plant height. Ear position UpESh Shape of uppermost ear whether cylindrical or cylindrical-conical or conical or round. shape Uppermost ear Uppermost ear shape Root proline content RProl Root Proline content Proline content in the root. Grain Glucose content GGlucose Grain glucose content Glucose content in the grain. Observe the plants that are affected by maize streak virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MSVSev - Estimation Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot incidence Plant Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot incidence. Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot incidence FmonSRInc Thickness of the grain. thickness Grain Grain thickness GThk Grain Shape of the upper surface of grain. upper surface shape Grain upper surface shape GUpSSh CobGlCol - Estimation Standard method for cob tassel color. The anthocyanin coloration should be observed on the middle third of the uppermost cob, after the removal of some of the grains. row/ear LLng - Measurement Measure the leaf which subtends the uppermost ear from ligule to apex. Leaf abscisic acid content Leaf Abscisic acid content Abscisic acid content in the leaf. LABA ¡C day PVig - Estimation Standard method for plant vigor GVitA - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain pro-vitaminA content. Comparative ranking by users method Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products ​ Plant Philippine downy mildew incidence Philippine downy mildew incidence PDMInc Philippine downy mildew (Peronosclerospora philippinensis) incidence. Ranking:3 Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) incidence. Plant Head smut incidence Head smut incidence HSmutInc Ear number EN number Ear number. Ear ¡C Number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants silk. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and silking date. DTS - Computation SdlngDisInc - Computation Divide the total number of SeedlingDis affected plants by the total number of plants harvested. yyyymmdd Standard method for glumes base tassel Anthocyanin coloration. TslGlBAnCol - Estimation 1-3 Tassel branching type scale Starch content Grain starch content Grain Whole-grain starch content. GStarch Cob glumes color color Cob glumes Color of the cob glumes. CobGlCol Endosperm protein content Protein content Endosperm Protein content in grain endosperm. EndoProt Growing degree days to anthesis - Computation Calculated as growing-degree units or growing degree days between sowing and 50% anthesis. Standard method for glucose content. Glucose - Measurement Senescence Sen Leaf Leaf senescence. senescence umol/g ALBInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by anthracnose leaf blight per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. GAsh - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain ash content scale_of Adjusted GY - Computation Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area adjusted to 12.5% grain moisture. 1-5 Tassel blasting severity scale SRInc - Computation Divide the total number of SRot damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Measured with a portable porometer. Take the measures in the middle between leaf tip and leaf base, and in between leaf midrib and leaf rim. Blade sections measured must to be exposed to sunlight for at least the 30 minutes before. Measurements always performed in the same side of the leaf (usually the lower or abaxial one). One measurement per leaf, and at least 3 per plot. 1 min per measurement. SCond - Measurement Canopy temperature Plant CT canopy temperature Canopy temperature. OP - Measurement Standard method for osmotic potential. CSucrose Cob Sucrose content Cob sucrose content Sucrose content in the cob EndoCol - Estimation Observe the endosperm color, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession. Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in dry weight basis. DW GY - Computation Presence and intensity of hairs on the surface of the leaf sheath. Sheath ShtPub Sheath pubescence pubescence AWormDmg Army worm damage Army worm damage Army worm (syn. Spodoptera exempta) damage. Plant Count the number of plants that are affected by late wilt per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. LateWiltInc - Counting Take same leaf measured for leaf length and measure mid-way along its length. LWid - Measurement Divide the total number of SCMV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. SCMVInc - Computation GZinc - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain zinc content. weevil Observe grain row arrangement in the harvested ears and rate 1-4 categorical scale. GRArr - Estimation 1-2 absent-present scale Ear width Ear width. width Ear EWid CTMInc - Computation Divide the total number of CTM damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Ear height Plant height from base to the insertion of the top (uppermost) ear. Plant EH height to insertion of uppermost ear SLodgInc - Counting Count the number of plants with the stem lodged. The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Score the grains based on grain characters such as floury, dent per plot. GTyp - Estimation SdlngDisInc - Counting Count the seedling that are affected by seedling diseases per plot. Divide the total number of MSTV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MSTVInc - Computation Turcicum leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum = Helminthosporium turcicum) severity. Turcicum leaf blight severity Turcicum leaf blight severity Leaf EturcSev CT - Measurement Standard method for canopy temperature. Leaf Brown spot severity Brown spot (Physoderma maydis) severity. Brown spot severity BwSpotSev Shell the grains (kernels) from the ears harvested per plot and record fresh (field) weight. FW GY - Measurement Anthesis date - Estimation Date when 50% of the plants shed pollen. Observe a known number of plants carefully (guideline: N = 20 for inbred lines or hybrids; N = 35 for open pollinated varieties) at the same time each day until 50% of the plants in the plot have produced at least one visible anther and record the date. Ear position ratio LAsh- Measurement Standard method for leaves ash content Score the plants per plot combining several agronomical and morphological characters of plants such plant height, ear height, stem/root loading. Note: Combination of traits usually differ from one breeder to another depending on type of study. PAsp - Estimation mg/g Count the number of plants that are affected by sugarcane mosaic virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. SCMVInc - Counting 1-5 Tassel exertion scale Compute grain weigh adjuted to 12.5% moisture. GW Adjusted - Computation ppm Observe the plant damage caused by army worms per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. AWormDmg - Estimation GCol - Estimation Count total number of grain rows in the ear. FmonSRSev - Estimation Observe fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity on plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Observe brown spot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). BwSpotSev - Estimation Count the number of plants that are affected by stewart wilt per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. SteWiltInc - Counting Ear leaf Ear leaf (blade) length. ELLng length Ear leaf length Observe sorghum downy mildew severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). DMSSev - Estimation Grain weight loss by maize weevil Grain Loss of weight of the grain samples caused by weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) feeding during a given period of incubation. weight loss by maize weevil GWLostWeev Large grain borer damage Grain LGBDmg Large grain borer damage Large grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) damage. Plant vigor vigor Plant vigor. PVig Plant BSDMInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by brown stripe downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Common smut (Ustilago maydis, syn. U. zeae) severity. CSmutSev Ear Common smut severity Common smut severity Standard method for earworm damage measured in cm of feeding. 0 - no ear damage, 1 - 1 cm, + 1 for each additional cm of feeding EWormDmg - Measurement Observe maize lethal necrosis severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). MLNSev - Estimation lb/bsh ear/plant CSCInc - Computation Divide the total number of CSC damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. SRInc Stalk rot (multiple pathogens or an unidentified pathogen) incidence. Stalk rot incidence Stalk rot incidence Plant PLSSev Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (Phaeosphaeria maydis) severity. Phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity Leaf Phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity ELW - Measurement Standard method for ear leaf weight. Lysine content in grain endosperm. EndoLys Lysine content Endosperm Lysine content Endosperm 1-6 Endosperm color scale Standard method for tassel type. TslTyp - Estimation Divide the total number of Psacch damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PsacchInc - Computation Gray leaf spot severity GLSSev Gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) severity. Leaf Gray leaf spot severity PUnif - Estimation Standard method for plant uniformity Glucose content Root RGlucose Root glucose content Glucose content in the root. EShape Ear Ear shape shape Ear shape FgramSRInc - Computation Divide the total number of FgramSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Plant Ear leaf senescence time ELSen ear leaf senescence time Ear leaf senescence time. Measure on the same 10 grains used for taking grain length measurement. GWid - Measurement GWLostWeev - Measurement Seed weight loss was determined using the count and weight method of Gwinner et al (1996). Weight loss (%) = (Wu x Nd) - (Wd x Nu) x 100 / Wu x (Nd + Nu) where Wu=weight of the undamaged seed, Nu = number of undamaged seed, Wd = Weight of damaged seed, and Nd=Number of damaged seed. ELng - Measurement Measure, when applicable, ear length of at least 20 representative plants per accession, record the data in the fieldbook. CTMInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by CTM per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. ug/mg tiller/plant Sucrose content in the root. RSucrose Root sucrose content Root Sucrose content Divide the total number of BactSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. BactSRInc - Computation Observe fusarium graminearum ear rot severity on ears per plot based on degree of infection. FgramERSev - Estimation 1-5 rating scale capacitance Estimation of root mass at the end of the stress using an electrical capacitance meter. Root RootCapac Root capacitance BHskCovInc Ear Ear bad husk cover incidence bad husk cover incidence Ears bad husk cover incidence. kg/ha aspect Plant aspect PAsp Qualitative observation of plant ideotype. In another word, it rates characteristics such as plant and ear height, uniformity of plants, disease and insect damage, and lodging. Plant Leaf Sucrose content LSucrose Sucrose content in the leaf Leaf sucrose content Measure, when applicable, ear diameter at the central part of uppermost ears of at least 20 representative plants per accession. EDia - Measurement Rank number Days to anthesis - Computation Number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants shed pollen. Observe a known number of plants carefully (guideline: N = 20 for inbred lines or hybrids; N = 35 for open pollinated varieties) at the same time each day until 50% of the plants in the plot have produced at least one visible anther and score the number of days from sowing. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and anthesis date. ELChl Ear leaf chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content in the ear leaf. Ear leaf Chlorophyll content Bacterial stalk rot incidence Bacterial stalk rot (Erwinia chrysanthemi) incidence. Bacterial stalk rot incidence BactSRInc Plant GRArr Grain row arrangement Ear grain row arrangement Ear grain rows arrangement. Pest tolerance The hosts ability to reduce the effect of damages on its fitness regardless of the level of pest pathogen multiplication ( Pest tolerance Plant StenSRInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by stenocarpella stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. GTrp - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain tryptophan content. Plant height to insertion of first tassel branch Plant height from the base to the insertion of the first tassel branch. PHTslB Plant height to insertion of first tassel branch StdGerm - Estimation Standard method for standard germination Grain Grain marketability refers to the commercial viability or attractiveness of a particular type of grain for sale in the agricultural market. Grain marketability marketability The hosts ability to reduce the effect of infection on its fitness regardless of the level of disease pathogen multiplication ( Disease Tolerance Disease tolerance Plant Downy mildew severity DMSev Downy mildew severity Leaf Downy mildews (several species of the genera Peronosclerospora, Sclerospora, and Sclerophthora) severity. EN - Counting Count the number of ears. Standard method for whole-grain iron content. GIron - Measurement GCol - Estimation Observe color of grains. Count the number of tillers per plant (average of more than 20 representative) plants. Tillering - Counting CCI Insertion angle of the leaves. LErect erectness Leaf Leaf erectness EWormInc - Computation Divide the total number of EWDMG damaged ears by the total number of plants harvested. Harvest a mature upper ear and measure its weight EarW Individual - Measurement YLChl - Measurement Standard method for young leaf chlorophyll content. Comparison with local Performance of a maize variety with the local variety Comparison with local Plant PytSRInc Pythium stalk rot incidence Plant Pythium stalk rot incidence Pythium stalk rot (Pythium spp.) incidence. PHFL - Measurement Recommended to take multiple plants and measure the height between the base of a plant to the ligule of the flag leaf, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. EPo - Computation Use ear height and plant height data of the same plants per plot and calculate the ratio. Small values indicate low ear position; large values indicate high ear position. Meaure ear width. EWid - Measurement Observe fusarium graminearum ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection. CSSSev - Estimation EH - Measurement Recommended to take 6 alternating plants per plot and measure the height between the base of a plant to the insertion of the top (uppermost) ear of the same plant, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. Standard method for tassel exertion TslExer - Estimation pg/g height PH Plant height from the base to the top part (in reproductive stages to the top of the tassel). Plant Plant height Ear length Ear ELng Ear length. length EndoTrp - Measurement Standard method for endosperm tryptophan content. Divide the total number of ears with bad husk cover by the total number of ears harvested. BHskCovInc - Computation Divide the total number of CSN damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. CSmutInc - Computation 1-3 Ear shape scale Relative to check - Computation Calculated as relative grain yield agaisnst the best check in percentage. SilkLng - Measurement Standard method for silk length. Standard method for tassel Anthocyanin coloration. TslAnCol - Estimation Score the tassels based on size using 1-3 categorical scale. TslSiz - Estimation Count and weigh grains randomly selected from the total grains. GW DW - Measurement Standard method for grain number. GN - Computation Stewarts wilt incidence Stewart wilt (Erwinia stewartii) incidence. Plant SteWiltInc Stewarts wilt incidence Grain storability Grain storability Grain storability refers to the ability of grains to remain viable and maintain their quality over a period of time when stored under a given condition. Observe phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). PLSSev - Estimation Tassel Tassel Anthocyanin coloration Anthocyanin coloration of tassel. TslCol Anthocyanin coloration StrigaPN - Counting Count the total number of emerged striga plants per plot. It is counted three times, 8 weeks, 10 weeks and 12 weeks after planting. Standard method for tassel anthers Anthocyanin coloration. The observation should be made in the middle third of the main branch on fresh anthers. AntAnCol - Estimation A ratio between the reflectance at a water band wavelength to a nearby reference wavelength where there is no absorption due to water content variability. Plant WI Water index water index GTyp Grain type Grain Type of grain. type WeevInc - Estimation Score maize weevil damage on the plants per plot. Scored for severity of lodging. LodgInc - Estimation LWid width Leaf Leaf width. Leaf width mm Brown stripe downy mildew (Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae) incidence. Brown stripe downy mildew incidence BSDMInc Plant Brown stripe downy mildew incidence Divide the total number of ALB damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. ALBInc - Computation Number of branches on tassel. number TslBN Tassel branch number Tassel branch Plant Fusarium stalk rot incidence. Fusarium stalk rot incidence Fusarium stalk rot incidence FusSRInc RLodgInc - Counting Count the number of plants that show root lodging and record data in filedbook. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. EarW Dry weight - Measurement Harvest all ears in a plot (or row), put them in the nylon bag and record weight. If at all possible, delay harvest of maize until its moisture content is low (15-25%). 1-5 Leaf rolling severity scale 0-1 absent-present scale Maize dwarf mosaic virus severity Plant Maize dwarf mosaic virus incidence DMVSev Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) severity. CharRInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by charcoal rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. 1-5 Anthocyanin coloration scale Abscisic acid content Root abscisic acid content Abscisic acid content in the root. RABA Root Maize lethal necrosis severity Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) severity. MLNSev Maize lethal necrosis severity Plant Damage of Striga hermonthica plants on maize plants. Striga damage StrigaDmg Plant Striga damage ELLng - Measurement Standard method for ear leaf length. Bacterial leaf stripe severity Bacterial leaf stripe (Pseudomonas rubrilinians) severity. BCLSSev Leaf Bacterial leaf stripe severity 1-5 Vigor scale mmol /m2/s Divide the total numbers of plants with lodged stems by number of plants harvested. SLodgInc - Computation OP A measure of the potential of water to move between regions of differing concentrations across a water-permeable membrane. Osmotic potential Plant osmotic potential Observe maize dwarf mosaic virus severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). DMVSev - Estimation Fusarium graminearum ear rot severity. Fusarium graminearum ear rot severity FgramERSev Ear Fusarium graminearum ear rot severity Plant height from the base to the ligule of the flag leaf. height to ligule of the flag leaf Plant height to ligule of the flag leaf Plant PHFL Divide the total number of MRDV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MRDVInc - Computation Count the total number of ears harvested per plot/entry, excluding secondary ears that are extremely small. EHvst - Counting g/1000grain Leaf Leaf proline content Proline content Proline content in the leaf. LProline Aflatox Aflatoxin content Grain Grain Aflatoxins content produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin content ERInc - Computation Divide the total number of ears that are rotten by the total number of plants that are harvested. Standard method for water index. WI - Measurement MSVInc - Computation Divide the total number of MSV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Divide the total number of FmonSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. FmonSRInc - Computation Maize bushy stunt (caused by mycoplasma like organism, MLO) severity. Maize bushy stunt severity Maize bushy stunt severity Plant CSCMSev Chilo damage ChiloDmg Chilo (Chilo partellus) damage. Plant Chilo damage Nitrogen content GNC Whole-grain Nitrogen content. Grain Nitrogen content Grain 1-11 Grain type scale Curvularia leaf spot (Curvularia spp.) severity. CLSSev Leaf Curvularia leaf spot severity Curvularia leaf spot severity 1-5 Leaf color scale Observe the variation of the intensity of a kernel/grain surface and score grain texture based on properties such as smoothness, coarseness and regularity of the grain. GTex - Estimation 1-6 Grain upper surface shape scale 1-3 Cob color scale 1-3 size scale ug/g Growing degree days to maturity - Computation Calculated as growing-degree units or growing degree days between sowing and maturity. ProvitaminA content Grain provitaminA content Grain Whole-grain pro-vitaminA content. GVitA Observe the plant damage caused by stem borer per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. StBorDmg - Estimation TslOpen Tassel opening opening Tassel Tassel angle. NIRS GAsh - Measurement NIRS method for whole-grain ash content NIRS method for whole-grain tryptophan content. NIRS GTrp- Measurement variable_of Plant The hosts ability to reduce the effect of stress on its fitness regardless of the level of abiotic stress (flood, drought, …) applied Abiotic stress tolerance Abiotic stress tolerance 1-4 Grain row arrangement scale Harvest all ears in a plot (or row), put them in the nylon bag and dry at 60-70¡C for 1-2 days, then measure and record the weight of dried ears. EarW Field weight - Measurement Ear leaf senescence date - Computation Record date when 50% of the plants have a dry ear leaf. Stenocarpella stalk rot incidence Stenocarpella (=Diplodia) stalk rot incidence. Stenocarpella stalk rot incidence StenSRInc Plant day cm/day Observe tropical severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). TRustSev - Estimation GAsh Grain Ash content Whole-grain ash content. Grain ash content RLodgInc - Computation Divide the total number of plants that are root lodged due to weak soil or poorly developed anchorage roots by the total number of plants that are harvested. GOil - Measurement Standard method for oil content GNC - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain Nitrogen content GLSSev - Estimation Observe GLS severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). 1-9 Grain color scale 0-10 Senescence scale 1-5 Tassel opening scale Count the number of plants that are affected by bacterial stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. BactSRInc - Counting Observe the plant damage caused by Diatraea plot. DiatraeaDmg - Estimation Plant BusseolaInc Busseola damage incidence Busseola larvae incidence. Busseola incidence Stem lodging incidence. The plants that show stem lodging, i.e. those stems that are broken below the ear. Plant Stem lodging incidence stem lodging incidence SLodgInc LGBDmg - Estimation Observe the plant damage caused by large grain borer per plot lb/plot g/plant/day UpESh - Estimation Observe shape of uppermost ear. 1-5 Standard germination scale Leaf length LLng Leaf length Leaf length. branch Standard method for ear leaf chlorophyll content. ELChl - Measurement kg/plot Text Divide the total number of Chupon plants by the total number of plants harvested. MCob - Computation EndoProt - Measurement Standard method for endosperm protein content. method_of PericCol - Estimation Observe the pericarp color, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession. DMJInc - Computation Divide the total number of DMJ damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested.