SCMVInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StemCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SdlngDisInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT YLChl_M_CCI CharRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RGlucose_M_ngug Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT MLNSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 intermediate Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EShape_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BHskCovInc_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FmonSRSev_E_pct CIMMYT GLSSev_E_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT UpESh_E_1to4 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PUnif_E_1to3 EturcSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 shrunken 1 unrolled Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMSev_E_1to9 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Ant_Cmp_Cday AnthesisGDU CIMMYT GTyp_E_1to11 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BLSBSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_FW_g1000grn Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PpolySev_E_1to9 BwSpotSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMSInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT TslGlBAnCol_E_1to2 71-80% dead leave area 8 GrStor_CompRank_Bl3 AntAnCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT GSucrose_M_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FgramERSev_E_1to5 4 strong Highest rank 1 FungDis_E_text Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DsTol_CompRank_Bl3 CIMMYT GVitA_M_µgg Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AflavERSev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PRI_M_idx Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BCLSSev_E_1to5 FusSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT other 5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_FW_g200grn Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EPo_Cmp_ratio NDVI_M_idx Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LSucrose_M_umolg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ChiloDmg_E_1to5 5 highly (>80%) damaged Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Sen_E_pct Aflatox_M_ppb Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT CSSSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 2 weak CIMMYT PVig_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT CSCInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_DW_g200grn 200KW Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SLodgInc_Ct_plntPlot LSucrose_M_mgg CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GmRt_CompRank_Bl3 CIMMYT CharRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_DW_tha Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 0 absent GLng_CompRank_Bl3 GProt_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GxE Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GTW_M_lbbsh strong to very strong 8 SilkAnCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ShtPub_E_1to3 CIMMYT CIMMYT CSCMSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TRustSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EndoTrp_M_pct 3 dense RSucrose_M_ngug Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SdlngVig_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CSmutInc_Ct_plntPlot ELng_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 4 Significantly (70%) infested LLng_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 6 51-60% dead leave area CIMMYT MCob_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT HSmutSev_E_1to9 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GCol_E_1to9 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GNC_M_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TRustSev_E_pct CSSSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 4 poor germination (11-29%) Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EndoHard_E_1to5 GRN_Ct_rowear Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PsacchInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT soft and opaque grains 5 ear around mid-plant 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMSev_E_1to5 TslBN_Ct_branch Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT absent 1 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SCMVInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PytSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BHskCovInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT GY_FW_kgPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EH_M_cm EW_FW_gPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslOpen_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MRDVInc_Cmp_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CRustSev_E_1to9 31-40% dead leaf area 4 GLSSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CLSSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StBorDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LGBDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EndoCol_E_1to6 Gcol_CompRank_Bl3 5 41-50% dead leave area Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BLSBSev_E_pct TSCSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MD Mat_Date_ymd Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EturcSev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ASI_Cmp_day GGlucose_M_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CSCMSev_E_pct 100KW Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GW_DW_g100grn CIMMYT Ant_DT_day DTA Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT HSmutSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonSRSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslSiz_E_1to3 CIMMYT GUpSSh_E_1to6 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CLSSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_DW_gPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BHskCovInc_Cmp_pct TslBlastSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 primary CSmutInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BSDMInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SmaySev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Chl_M_CCI Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GTex_E_1to5 severely rolled leaves, undesirable 5 MSVInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT medium to high infection 6 DMJInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CSmutSev_E_1to5 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BLSBSev_E_1to9 BusseolaInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AspERSev_E_1to5 4 weak Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BmaySev_E_1to9 CIMMYT 1 Highest rank Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TRustSev_E_1to5 GAsh_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GMoi_NIRS_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TslExer_E_1to5 CIMMYT CIMMYT TslGlAnCol_E_1to2 LWid_M_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_CompRank_Bl3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PAsp_E_1to5 CIMMYT BactSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GLSSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BCLSSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BwSpotSev_E_pct CIMMYT 1 very vigorous sweet 8 GRArr_E_1to4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla FusERSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT CT_M_C Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PpolySev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 3 moderate level of blasting Silk_Date_ymd SD Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonSRInc_Ct_plntPlot GY_FW_lbPlot GxE Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EPo_E_1to3 conical 3 AphDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EHvst_Ct_earPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StrigaPN_Ct_plntPlot 1 very short Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ShellCobW_FW_gPlot CIMMYT 3 dent TslGlAnCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EW_M_gear CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla RABA_M_ngg LodgInc_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GOil_M_pct 3 purple Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EGrwR_Cmp_gplntday CIMMYT GY_Adj_tha Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT HSmutSev_E_pct ELSen_Date_ymd Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ELSenD GProline_M_mgg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslGlBAnCol_E_1to5 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CSmutSev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_FW_g100grn Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RustSev_E_1to5 RustSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT MLNSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AWormDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DTM Mat_DT_day CIMMYT MSVSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 5 postrate Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GIron_M_ppm CIMMYT 1 100% EndoLys_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT white cap 8 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PERSev_E_pct CIMMYT 11-20% dead leaf area 2 EndoProt_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 5 medium infection CIMMYT ELW_M_g Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AstriInc_Ct_plntPlot 1 no infestation 2 95% drooping 4 CIMMYT LateWiltInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla light purple 2 1 floury Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StenSRInc_Cmp_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CSSSev_E_pct 3 level Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EWormInc_Cmp_pct FgramSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT cylindrical-conical 2 grayyish white 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_FW_gPlot CIMMYT PpolySev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PLSSev_E_1to5 MSVInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PLSSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT CIMMYT CLSSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GY_DW_kgPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StdGerm_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LErect_E_1to4 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonERSev_E_1to9 1 colorless RustSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 excellent germination (90-100%) severly infested 5 7 mottled 4 open weak 3 present 1 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AleuCol_E_1to5 spiral 4 61-70% dead leave area 7 CIMMYT EN_Cmp_earplnt Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 1-10% dead leaf area 1 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BmaySev_E_pct CIMMYT GZinc_M_ppm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 7 strong LRollSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT semi-hard and semi-transparent grains 2 SdSizUse_compRank_Bl3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LAsh_NIRS_pct 5 purple RLodgInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT intermediate 3 TslBW_DW_g Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SCond_M_mmolm2s Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_Rank_number 9 red Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla WeevN_Ct_weevil CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_Adj_kgha normal 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_Adj_g1000grn AbStr_CompRank_Bl3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GTrp_M_pct 3 red ALBInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 0 no dead leaf area Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GAsh_NIRS_pct MRCVInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT semi-floury (morocho), with an external layer of hard endoseprm. 2 4 purple Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EW_FW_kgPlot AntAnCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ERInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_RGY_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EAsp_E_1to5 GLys_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT dent 5 LateWiltInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 sparse SRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RootCapac_M_uF 4 brown AD Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Ant_Date_ymd CIMMYT GWid_M_mm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AspERSev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SilkLng_M_cm DMJInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GABA_M_pgg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla EWid_M_mm GxE EW_DW_kgPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SLodgInc_Cmp_pct WI_M_idx Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 4 yellow AWornDmg_CompRank_Bl3 ERInc_Ct_earPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AntAnCol_E_1to2 CIMMYT Sen_E_0to10 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GrTast_CompRank_Bl3 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AflavERSev_E_1to9 MCob_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TGW GW_DW_g1000grn CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TKW 1000KW Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EDia_M_cm Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla TSCSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSev_E_pct CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LAsh_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslAnCol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DiabroticaDmg_E_1to5 bronze 2 GxE Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla ELng_M_mm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ELSen_DT_day DTELSen conical-cylindrical 2 LProline_M_ugg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FusSRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonSRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PstTol_CompRank_Bl3 CIMMYT AstriInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla SteWiltInc_Ct_plntPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla white cap 6 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FgramERSev_E_1to9 3 medium CIMMYT BCLSSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslTyp_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RProl_M_ugg 2 Middle rank GThk_M_mm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AspERSev_E_1to9 4 Significantly (70%) damaged Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MSVSev_E_pct Silk_DT_day Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DTS vigorous 2 CIMMYT MaturityGDU Mat_Cmp_Cday Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 5 other StenSRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 2 slightly (20%) damaged CRustSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GLng_M_mm absent 1 pop 7 medium 2 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMSSev_E_1to9 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMVInc_Ct_plntPlot GTrp_NIRS_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CobNb_CompRank_Bl3 PsacchInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GStarch_M_pct PytSRInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT poor 4 Lowest rank 3 CSCInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 4 purple Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MRCVInc_Ct_plntPlot clean, no damage 1 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PHvst_Ct_plntPlot very weak to weak 2 5 very poor FmonERSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 flint medium 3 GY_DW_kgha Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SilkGrwR_Cmp_cmday Shell_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MRFVInc_Ct_plntPlot 8 very high infection ELChl_M_CCI Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PericCol_E_1to5 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SmaySev_E_1to9 CIMMYT ALBInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla no blasting 1 3 low infection DMVInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FusERSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT round 4 CIMMYT GY_FW_kgha Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla large 1 present 2 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT OP_M_Mpa very poor germination (0-10%) 5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EDmg_E_1to5 OvPerf_CompRank_Bl3 4 weak to medium 3 dense GProt_NIRS_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslGlBAnCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT DMSSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 3 semi horizontal Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BSDMInc_Ct_plntPlot semi-soft and semi-opaque grains 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BmaySev_E_1to5 CIMMYT PHFL_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GGlucose_M_ugmg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MSTVInc_Ct_plntPlot CSucrose_M_umolg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT very strong 5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ELLng_M_cm CobGlAnCol_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT OA_M_Mpa GN_Cmp_grnplnt Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT short 2 white 1 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT HSmutInc_Ct_plntPlot Lowest rank 3 sun red 2 EWormDmg_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CompLoc_CompRank_Bl3 PERSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla irregular 2 1 light green Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_FW_tha 2 compact CIMMYT Shell_Cmp_ratio Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MAIZE ontology Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GMoi_Cmp_pct CobGlCol_E_1to3 CIMMYT BusseolaDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FgramERSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT FungDis_E_0to1 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla AflavERSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla LABA_M_ngg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PHTslB_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT WeevInc_E_1to5 1 no infection Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla DMSSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StrigaDmg_E_1to5 GrMark_CompRank_Bl3 intermediate grain hardness 3 SteWiltInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TslDen_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT moderately (50% ) infested 3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FusERSev_E_1to5 2 yellow EturcSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT white 1 5 brown Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MRFVInc_Cmp_pct 1 regular PERSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GWLostWeev_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla HskCov_E_1to5 CIMMYT Tillering_Ct_tllrplnt Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 7 high infection Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CSmutSev_E_1to9 medium 5 normal 3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DiatraeaDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DMVSev_Ct_plntPlot moderate to high level of blasting 4 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GW_Adj_g100grn TSCSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT BactSRInc_Cmp_pct PLSSev_E_pct Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT lax 1 CIMMYT Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CSCMSev_E_1to9 2 good germination (70-89%) 6 orange slightly (20%) infested 2 4 Semi-dent, intermediate between dent and flint but closer to dent CTMInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EN_Ct_earPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT green 1 3 red PDMInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 3 small Semi-flint, flint with a soft cap 5 variegated 4 4 not severely rolled leaves erect 1 severe infection 9 CIMMYT GOil_NIRS_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla PH_M_cm CIMMYT pointed 5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GY_RelChk_pct MLNSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SRInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 9 81-90% dead leave area Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FgramSRInc_Cmp_pct 3 pale yellow Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla GABA_M_ugg CIMMYT FmonSRSev_E_1to9 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CTMInc_Ct_plntPlot GSucrose_M_umolg Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SdlngDisInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT EWormInc_Ct_plntPlot 5 highly susceptible, disease symptoms covering >80% green 2 4 susceptible, disease symptoms covering upto 70% SmaySev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT entity medium to strong 6 MatT_CompRank_BL3 1 white absent or very weak 1 4 semi-dent 1 colorless moderately susceptible, disease symptoms covering up to 50% 3 Kate Dreher; Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla BwSpotSev_E_1to9 CIMMYT CIMMYT CRustSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ShellCobW_FW_kgPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla 9 very strong Middle rank 2 2 turgid leaves very low infection 2 hard and transparent grains 1 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PDMInc_Ct_plntPlot Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RLodgInc_Cmp_pct 3 semi open 6 flint Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT PStand_Ct_plntPlot GW_Adj_g200grn Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MSTVInc_Cmp_pct 4 rounded 3 high ear position attribute 3 dark purple secondary 2 cream 2 intermediate 3 intermediate germination (30-69%) 3 CIMMYT HSmutInc_Cmp_pct Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla MSVSev_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 1 conical primary-secondary-tertiary 3 Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MRDVInc_Ct_plntPlot very weak 5 moderately (50% ) damaged 3 4 reddish 3 dark green Rosemary Shrestha; Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FmonERSev_E_1to5 2 low to moderate level of blasting 21-30% dead leaf area 3 desirable 3 2 indented very high level of blasting 5 long 4 1 low ear position resistant, disease symptoms covering up to 20% 2 3 mixed strongly pointed 6 TslGlAnCol_E_1to5 CIMMYT orange 5 2 good Opaque 2/QPM 9 highly resistant, clean no (%) infection 1 1 very compact brown 5 2 semi erect 3 straight cylindrical 1 cylindrical 3 1 excellent 5 very long 3 red 4 low to medium infection acronym 2 semi-flint Grain Aflatoxins content produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin content Aflatox Grain Aflatoxin content Downy mildew severity Downy mildews (several species of the genera Peronosclerospora, Sclerospora, and Sclerophthora) severity. Downy mildew severity DMSev Leaf Tassel glumes base Anthocyanin coloration Anthocyanin coloration Anthocyanin coloration at base of tassel glumes. Tassel glumes base TslGlBCol GWLostWeev - Measurement Seed weight loss was determined using the count and weight method of Gwinner et al (1996). Weight loss (%) = (Wu x Nd) - (Wd x Nu) x 100 / Wu x (Nd + Nu) where Wu=weight of the undamaged seed, Nu = number of undamaged seed, Wd = Weight of damaged seed, and Nd=Number of damaged seed. UpESh - Estimation Observe shape of uppermost ear. CRustSev Severity of common rust ( Puccinia sorghi). Common rust severity Leaf Common rust severity Standard method for ear leaf length. ELLng - Measurement Brown stripe downy mildew incidence Brown stripe downy mildew incidence Brown stripe downy mildew (Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae) incidence. BSDMInc Plant Standard method for sucrose content. Sucrose - Measurement Sugarcane mosaic virus incidence SCMVInc Sugarcane mosaic virus incidence Plant Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) incidence. StemCol - Estimation Observe the stem color between the two topmost ears. Divide the total number of CSC damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. CSCInc - Computation SCMVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by sugarcane mosaic virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Standard method for tassel type. TslTyp - Estimation 1-5 Leaf color scale Cob glumes color CobGlCol Cob glumes color Color of the cob glumes. NIRS LAsh - Measurement NIRS method for leaves ash content FgramSRInc Fusarium graminearum stalk rot incidence Fusarium graminearum stalk rot incidence. Fusarium graminearum stalk rot incidence Plant TslGlAnCol - Estimation Standard method for glumes tassel Anthocyanin coloration. The measurement should exclude the bases of the glumes. Late wilt (Cephalosporium maydis) incidence. Plant LateWiltInc Late wilt incidence Late wilt incidence Tassel density TslDen Density of spikelets. Tassel density Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products ​ Comparative ranking by users method Sucrose content RSucrose Root Sucrose content in the root. Root sucrose content Earworm damage Earworm damage EWormDmg Ear Ear worm (Heliothis) damage. Plant FmonSRInc Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot incidence Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot incidence Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot incidence. 1-9 disease scoring scale Leaf chlorophyll content. Leaf Chl Chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content g/plant/day Observe penicillium ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). PERSev - Estimation Fusarium stalk rot incidence Fusarium stalk rot incidence FusSRInc Fusarium stalk rot incidence. Plant Standard method for endosperm lysin content. EndoLys - Measurement Divide the total number of SeedlingDis affected plants by the total number of plants harvested. SdlngDisInc - Computation Leaf width Leaf width. Leaf width LWid 1-5 Endosperm hardness scale Plant Maize streak virus severity MSVSev Maize streak virus severity (MSV) severity. Maize streak virus severity g/plot CSmutInc Plant Common smut incidence Common smut incidence Common smut (Ustilago maydis, syn. U. zeae)incidence. GIron Iron content Grain iron content Grain Whole-grain iron content. Grain number Grain number GN Grain number. Date when 50% of the plants shed pollen. Observe a known number of plants carefully (guideline: N = 20 for inbred lines or hybrids; N = 35 for open pollinated varieties) at the same time each day until 50% of the plants in the plot have produced at least one visible anther and record the date. Anthesis date - Estimation Count the number of plants with the stem lodged. The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. SLodgInc - Counting 1-5 disease scoring scale Grain marketability refers to the commercial viability or attractiveness of a particular type of grain for sale in the agricultural market. Grain marketability marketability Grain Busseola damage Plant Busseola damage Plant damage caused by Busseola larvae. BusseolaDmg Observe the plant damage caused by stem borer per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. StBorDmg - Estimation Plant Mal de rio cuarto virus (MRCV) incidence. MRCVInc Mal de rio cuarto virus incidence Mal de rio cuarto virus incidence Count the number of plants that show root lodging and record data in filedbook. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. RLodgInc - Counting Observe turcicum leaf blight severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). EturcSev - Estimation CobGlAnCol - Estimation Standard method for cob tassel Anthocyanin coloration. The anthocyanin Anthocyanin colorationation should be observed on the middle third of the uppermost cob, after the removal of some of the grains. Abscisic acid content Grain abscisic acid content Grain GABA Abscisic acid content in the grain. Root Root capacitance Estimation of root mass at the end of the stress using an electrical capacitance meter. RootCapac capacitance Observe aspergillus ear rot severity on the harvested ears per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). AspERSev - Estimation Uppermost ear shape Uppermost ear shape Shape of uppermost ear whether cylindrical or cylindrical-conical or conical or round. UpESh g/200grain LGBDmg Large grain borer damage Grain Large grain borer damage Large grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) damage. 1-4 Grain row arrangement scale Turcicum leaf blight severity Turcicum leaf blight severity Turcicum leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum = Helminthosporium turcicum) severity. Leaf EturcSev Weight of ear leaf (blade). Ear leaf Ear leaf weight weight ELW Anthracnose leaf blight incidence Anthracnose leaf blight incidence ALBInc Plant Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) incidence. Plant height Plant height from the base to the top part (in reproductive stages to the top of the tassel). Plant height PH Standard method for tassel opening TslOpen - Estimation pg/g Plant normalized difference vegetation index Normalized difference vegetation index Canopy normalized difference vegetation index. NDVI Average of 10 consecutive grains from one row in the middle of the uppermost ear, measured with calliper. GLng - Measurement mm Weight of shelled cob. weight or yield Shelled cob ShellCobW Shelled cob weight Ear AflavERSev Aspergillus flavus ear rot severity. Aspergillus flavus ear rot severity Aspergillus flavus ear rot severity BusseolaInc Busseola damage incidence Busseola incidence Plant Busseola larvae incidence. Divide the total numbers of plants with lodged stems by number of plants harvested. SLodgInc - Computation EAsp - Estimation Harvest ears per plot (eliminate first and last plants to avoid border effects) and score ear aspect combining several ear-associated traits. Note: Combination of traits usually differs from one breeder to another depending on type of study. Grain WeevInc Maize weevil incidence Maize weevil incidence Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) incidence on grain. Standard method for osmotic adjustment. OA - Measurement Anther Anthocyanin coloration AntCol Anthocyanin coloration Anther Anthocyanin coloration of anthers. Harvest all ears in a plot (or row), put them in the nylon bag and dry at 60-70¡C for 1-2 days, then measure and record the weight of dried ears. EarW Field weight - Measurement AntAnCol - Estimation Standard method for tassel anthers Anthocyanin coloration. The observation should be made in the middle third of the main branch on fresh anthers. yyyymmdd Grain protein content Whole-grain protein content. Grain Protein content GProt Standard method for water index. WI - Measurement Crazy top downy mildew incidence Plant Crazy top (Sclerophthora macrospora) incidence. CTMInc Crazy top downy mildew incidence Grain length. GLng length Grain Grain length 1-5 Leaf rolling severity scale % Stenocarpella ear rot severity Stenocarpella (=Diplodia) ear rot severity. SmaySev Ear Stenocarpella ear rot severity aspect Qualitative observation of plant ideotype. In another word, it rates characteristics such as plant and ear height, uniformity of plants, disease and insect damage, and lodging. Plant PAsp Plant aspect MCob - Counting Count the number of plants that have more than one ear growing from the same node. 1-5 Stem color scale Measure sample weight of grains per plot after harvest, record dry weight of the same samples and calculate grain moisture content for each sample using formula: 100*(Wt of sample - Dry Weight)/Wt of sample. GMoi - Computation PVig - Estimation Standard method for plant vigor ppb Aphid damage Aphid damage AphDmg Aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) damage. Plant Uniformity of plants. uniformity Plant PUnif Plant uniformity bad husk cover incidence Ears bad husk cover incidence. BHskCovInc Ear bad husk cover incidence Ear 1-2 absent-present scale Plant Plant height from the base to the ligule of the flag leaf. height to ligule of the flag leaf Plant height to ligule of the flag leaf PHFL ProvitaminA content Grain GVitA Whole-grain pro-vitaminA content. Grain provitaminA content harvested number Ear EHvst Number of ears harvested. Ear harvested number g/100grain Striga damage Plant StrigaDmg Striga damage Damage of Striga hermonthica plants on maize plants. HSmutSev - Estimation Observe head smut severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). TslGlCol Anthocyanin coloration Anthocyanin coloration of tassel glumes excluding the bases of the glumes. Tassel glumes Tassel glumes Anthocyanin coloration Score the grains based on grain characters such as floury, dent per plot. GTyp - Estimation Plant vigor. Plant vigor Plant vigor PVig 1-5 Pericarp color scale plant/plot SilkGrwR Growth rate of silk. growth rate Silk growth rate Silk SdlngVig Seedling vigor Seedling vigor Seedling vigor. 1-3 Tassel density scale Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity Plant FmonSRSev Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity Fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity. 1-3 Plant uniformity scale Leaf erectness LErect Insertion angle of the leaves. erectness Leaf Grain Grain test weight of mature kernels. Grain test weight GTW test weight Earworm incidence Ear Earworm incidence EWormInc Ear worm (Heliothis) incidence. EN Ear number Ear Ear number. number SilkAnCol - Estimation Standard method for silk Anthocyanin coloration. Count the number of plants that are affected by DMJ per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. DMJInc - Counting GWid Grain width Grain width Grain width. GUpSSh - Estimation Observe the shape of the upper surface of grain, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession, after harvest. BactSRInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by bacterial stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Plant SdlngDisInc Seedling disease incidence Seedling disease incidence. Seedling disease incidence CCI DMSev - Estimation Observe downy mildew severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). lb/bsh Grain Grain texture as a measure of the variation on the intensity of a surface, quantifying properties such as smoothness, coarseness and regularity of the grain. Grain texture GTex texture ASI - Computation Count number of days from planting date to anthesis and silking to determine days to anthesis (DTA) and days to silking (DTS), respectively and determine anthesis silking interval (ASI) by calculating: ASI = DTS-DTA. Count the total number of plants harvested per plot/entry. PHvst - Counting Count the plants that are affected by fusarium stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. FusSRInc - Counting Standard method for osmotic potential. OP - Measurement HskCov - Estimation Observe the ears hask cover and rate it. Ear leaf Ear leaf length Ear leaf (blade) length. length ELLng Grain Type of grain. type Grain type GTyp NIRS method for whole-grain ash content NIRS GAsh - Measurement Observe the plants that are affected by maize streak virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MSVSev - Estimation Plant Performance of a maize variety with the local variety Comparison with local Comparison with local Use ear height and plant height data of the same plants per plot and calculate the ratio. Small values indicate low ear position; large values indicate high ear position. EPo - Computation Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products ​ Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products Grain weight of mature kernels. weight Grain weight Grain GW 0-1 absent-present scale Observe fusarium graminearum ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection. CSSSev - Estimation MSVInc - Computation Divide the total number of MSV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. AleuCol Aleurone color Color of the aleurone. color Aleurone Count the number of plants that are affected by sorghum downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. DMSInc - Counting Ear width EWid width Ear Ear width. Divide the total number of EWDMG damaged ears by the total number of plants harvested. EWormInc - Computation Observe the plants per plot with the leaves rolled. LRollSev - Estimation Count the total number of emerged striga plants per plot. It is counted three times, 8 weeks, 10 weeks and 12 weeks after planting. StrigaPN - Counting Maydis leaf blight severity BmaySev Maydis leaf blight severity Leaf Maydis leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis = Helminthosporium maydis) severity. GIron - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain iron content. Shell - Computation Use formula to calculate ear sheeling ratio. Pythium stalk rot (Pythium spp.) incidence. PytSRInc Pythium stalk rot incidence Plant Pythium stalk rot incidence Banded leaf and sheath blight severity Leaf BLSBSev Banded leaf and sheath blight severity Banded leaf and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii) severity. Standard method for silk growth rate. SilkGrwR - Computation Germination Germination rate is calculated by dividing the number of seeds that sprout by the total number of seeds started, and then multiplying that number by 100 to get a percentage. Germination rate Grain TslOpen Tassel Tassel angle. Tassel opening opening EDia - Measurement Measure, when applicable, ear diameter at the central part of uppermost ears of at least 20 representative plants per accession. PStand - Counting Count total number of plants per plot. Adjusted GY - Computation Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area adjusted to 12.5% grain moisture. Divide the total number of Chupon plants by the total number of plants harvested. MCob - Computation Measure, when applicable, ear length of at least 20 representative plants per accession, record the data in the fieldbook. ELng - Measurement Multiple cob incidence Plant MCob Incidence of multiple cobs, as plants that have multiple ears arising from a single node. multiple cob incidence Observation of lodging severity. Lodging incidence Plant lodging incidence LodgInc AWormDmg Army worm (syn. Spodoptera exempta) damage. Army worm damage Plant Army worm damage Observe banded leaf and sheath blight severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). BLSBSev - Estimation Plant ELSen ear leaf senescence time Ear leaf senescence time. Ear leaf senescence time Gray leaf spot severity Gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) severity. Leaf Gray leaf spot severity GLSSev FgramERSev - Estimation Observe fusarium graminearum ear rot severity on ears per plot based on degree of infection. Relative to check - Computation Calculated as relative grain yield agaisnst the best check in percentage. 1-5 Tassel opening scale TslTyp Tassel branching type Branching type of tassel. Tassel branching type Divide the total number of PytSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PytSRInc - Computation 1-9 Grain color scale Maize rayado fino virus incidence Maize rayado fino virus incidence Plant MRFVInc Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) incidence. Observe the ears damage caused by ear rot and/or insects per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. EDmg - Estimation Charcoal rot incidence Plant CharRInc Charcoal rot incidence Charcoal rot or (Macrophomina phaseolina) incidence. Anthesis silking interval. Plant Anthesis silking interval ASI anthesis silking interval Count the total number of ears with bad husk cover. BHskCovInc - Counting Grain Standard germination Standard germination Standard germination. StdGerm A ratio between the reflectance at a water band wavelength to a nearby reference wavelength where there is no absorption due to water content variability. Plant WI Water index water index Grain Tryptophan content Whole-grain Tryptophan content. Grain Tryptophan content GTrp Divide the total number of MRFV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MRFVInc - Computation 1-3 Cob color scale NIRS method for whole-grain tryptophan content. NIRS GTrp- Measurement SilkLng Silk length. length Silk Silk length EN - Computation Compute number of ears using the formula. Observe the variation of the intensity of a kernel/grain surface and score grain texture based on properties such as smoothness, coarseness and regularity of the grain. GTex - Estimation 1-5 Grain texture scale Mpa Observe the plant damage caused by Diabrotica per plot. DiabroticaDmg - Estimation Divide the total number of SRot damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. SRInc - Computation TslDen - Estimation Standard method for tassel density Stem color Color of the stem. StemCol color Stem Rank: 3 DMSInc - Computation Divide the total number of DMS damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. stand Number of plants per unit area. Plant stand Plant PStand DTS - Computation Number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants silk. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and silking date. Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) incidence. Maize dwarf mosaic virus incidence Plant Maize dwarf mosaic virus incidence DMVInc GCol - Estimation Count total number of grain rows in the ear. Standard method for whole-grain ash content GAsh - Measurement Plant Head smut severity HSmutSev Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) severity. Head smut severity Count the number of plants that are affected by sugarcane downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. PsacchInc - Counting Grain Grain yield per unit area, either field weight basis, dry weight basis or adjusted to 12.5% grain moisture. Grain yield GY yield Divide the total number of ASTRI damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. AstriInc - Computation Standard method for whole-grain starch content. GStarch - Measurement ear/plant Ear Fusarium graminearum ear rot severity Fusarium graminearum ear rot severity Fusarium graminearum ear rot severity. FgramERSev Silking time Silking time. silking time Plant Silk Stewarts wilt incidence Stewart wilt (Erwinia stewartii) incidence. Stewarts wilt incidence Plant SteWiltInc 1-6 Grain upper surface shape scale ELW - Measurement Standard method for ear leaf weight. TslSiz - Estimation Score the tassels based on size using 1-3 categorical scale. 1-3 Ear shape scale 1-5 WeevDmgInc scale ERInc - Counting Count the total number of ears that damaged or/and rotten per plot. 1-5 Vigor scale Shell the grains (kernels) from the ears harvested per plot and put grains in a paper bag and dry at 60-70¡C for 1-2 days, then measure and record the weight of dried grain. DW GY - Measurement Observe rust severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). RustSev - Estimation Phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity Leaf PLSSev Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (Phaeosphaeria maydis) severity. Phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity Observe stenocarpella ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). SmaySev - Estimation Bacterial leaf stripe (Pseudomonas rubrilinians) severity. Bacterial leaf stripe severity Leaf Bacterial leaf stripe severity BCLSSev Penicillium ear rot severity PERSev Ear Penicillium ear rot severity Penicillium ear rot severity. Divide the total number of FgramSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. FgramSRInc - Computation NIRS method for oil content NIRS GOil - Measurement SLodgInc Stem lodging incidence. The plants that show stem lodging, i.e. those stems that are broken below the ear. stem lodging incidence Plant Stem lodging incidence MSTVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by maize stripe virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Leaf ash content Ash content Ash content in maize leaves. Leaf LAsh Plant PDMInc Philippine downy mildew (Peronosclerospora philippinensis) incidence. Philippine downy mildew incidence Philippine downy mildew incidence Sugarcane downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sacchari) incidence. Sugarcane downy mildew incidence Sugarcane downy mildew incidence PsacchInc Plant ppm Observe fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity on plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). FmonERSev - Estimation Standard method for oil content GOil - Measurement Observe maize busy stunt severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). CSCMSev - Estimation SRInc Stalk rot incidence Stalk rot incidence Plant Stalk rot (multiple pathogens or an unidentified pathogen) incidence. Standard method for leaves ash content LAsh- Measurement Count the number of plants that are affected by maize bushy stunt per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MRFVInc - Counting Divide the total number of MSTV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MSTVInc - Computation Comparative ranking by farmers method Ranking of phenotypes based on field observations/on testing of food products ​ The hosts ability to reduce the effect of infection on its fitness regardless of the level of disease pathogen multiplication ( Disease Tolerance Disease tolerance Plant husk cover Ear Ear husk cover HskCov Ear husk cover observed as degree of the husk covering the tip of the ear. 1-3 density scale BSDMInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by brown stripe downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. uF TSCSev Tar spot complex (Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis) severity. Leaf Tar spot complex severity Tar spot complex severity MRDVInc - Computation Divide the total number of MRDV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. ShtPub - Estimation Standard method for sheath pubescence content. EDia Ear diameter measured at the central part of uppermost ear. Ear Ear diameter diameter Fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity Fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity. FmonERSev Ear Fusarium moniliforme ear rot severity Standard method for whole-grain zinc content. GZinc - Measurement Color of the leaf. LCol Leaf Leaf color color Polysora rust severity PpolySev Polysora rust (in lowlands Puccinia polysora) severity. Polysora rust severity Leaf Maize lethal necrosis severity MLNSev Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) severity. Plant Maize lethal necrosis severity Observe GLS severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). GLSSev - Estimation Whole-grain ash content. Grain Grain ash content GAsh Ash content Ear Ear position as a ratio of ear height to plant height. EPo Ear position position Standard method for leaf color. LCol - Estimation Cob Sucrose content Cob sucrose content Sucrose content in the cob CSucrose GW DW - Measurement Count and weigh grains randomly selected from the total grains. PericCol - Estimation Observe the pericarp color, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession. Whole-grain oil content. Oil content GOil Grain Grain oil content DMVSev Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) severity. Plant Maize dwarf mosaic virus severity Maize dwarf mosaic virus incidence Root abscisic acid content Abscisic acid content Root RABA Abscisic acid content in the root. upper surface shape Grain upper surface shape GUpSSh Shape of the upper surface of grain. Grain StrigaDmg - Estimation Observe the maize plant damage caused by striga per plot. Grain glucose content Glucose content Grain Glucose content in the grain. GGlucose WeevN - Counting Standard method for maize weevil number in a sample. Weevils were counted only once (at the end of a 45-d incubation period) day Days to ear leaf senescence date - Computation Number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants have a dry ear leaf. Count the number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants have a dry ear leaf. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and ear leaf senescence date. Ranking:3 Plant canopy temperature Canopy temperature Canopy temperature. CT Calculated as growing-degree units or growing degree days between sowing and 50% anthesis. Growing degree days to anthesis - Computation kg/plot Ear shelling ratio Shelling ratio The ratio of grain to total ear weight. Ear Shell Ear grain rows arrangement. Ear grain row arrangement GRArr Grain row arrangement GCol - Estimation Observe color of grains. Ear Ear rot incidence. Ear rot incidence Ear rot incidence ERInc height to insertion of first tassel branch Plant height from the base to the insertion of the first tassel branch. PHTslB Plant Plant height to insertion of first tassel branch FusERSev - Estimation Observe fusarium ear rot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). FungDis Plant Fungal disease presence Fungal disease presence The trait is scored for the response to the diseases caused by several fungi. Grain weight loss by maize weevil Loss of weight of the grain samples caused by weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) feeding during a given period of incubation. Grain GWLostWeev weight loss by maize weevil umol/g Standard method for tassel branches number. TslBN - Counting 1-3 size scale Leaf proline content Proline content in the leaf. Leaf Proline content LProline RGlucose Glucose content in the root. Glucose content Root glucose content Root EW Ear weight Ear weight Weight of mature upper ear, including cob and kernels, and at a defined moisture content, although often this is not provided. row/ear WeevInc - Estimation Score maize weevil damage on the plants per plot. GTW - Computation Standard method for grain test weight. ELChl Ear leaf Chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content in the ear leaf. Ear leaf chlorophyll content Divide the total number of MRCV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. MRCVInc - Computation Standard method for earworm damage measured in cm of feeding. 0 - no ear damage, 1 - 1 cm, + 1 for each additional cm of feeding EWormDmg - Measurement Standard method for whole-grain protein content. % Protein = % of nitrogen x 6.25 GProt - Computation ug/g Abscisic acid content Leaf abscisic acid content Leaf LABA Abscisic acid content in the leaf. Divide the total number of DMV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. DMVInc - Computation Measure the thickness of the same 10 grains used for taking grain length measurement. GThk - Measurement Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in dry weight basis. Dry weight basis GY - Computation ERInc - Computation Divide the total number of ears that are rotten by the total number of plants that are harvested. ALBInc - Computation Divide the total number of ALB damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Divide the total number of BactSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. BactSRInc - Computation EHvst - Counting Count the total number of ears harvested per plot/entry, excluding secondary ears that are extremely small. LLng Leaf length. Leaf length Leaf length grain/plant photochemical radiation index Photochemical radiation index PRI Plant Photochemical radiation index. A canopy reflectance index indicating photosynthetic radiation use efficiency. Tassel size TslSiz size Tassel size. Tassel shape EShape Ear shape Ear Ear shape EndoLys Endosperm Endosperm Lysine content Lysine content Lysine content in grain endosperm. Divide the total number of SCMV damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. SCMVInc - Computation Thickness of the grain. thickness Grain thickness Grain GThk Harvest all ears in a plot (or row), put them in the nylon bag and record weight. If at all possible, delay harvest of maize until its moisture content is low (15-25%). EarW Dry weight - Measurement Cob number Number Number of cobs Cob Leaf stomatal conductance Stomatal conductance SCond Stomatal conductance Leaf FmonSRInc - Computation Divide the total number of FmonSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Chl - Measurement Measured with a portable chlorophyll meter (e.g. SPAD). Take the average measure from leaves of six alternating plants and use always leaves of similar insertion level. Corn Spiroplasma stunt severity CSSSev Plant Corn stunt spiroplasma severity. Corn stunt spiroplasma severity Chlorophyll content YLChl Young leaf Chlorophyll content in the young leaf. Young leaf chlorophyll content EndoTrp - Measurement Standard method for endosperm tryptophan content. EGrwR Ear Ear growth rate Growth rate of the ear(s) on a plant. It may include the sum of the apical and sub-apical ear growth from prolific plants. growth rate Chilo (Chilo partellus) damage. ChiloDmg Plant Chilo damage Chilo damage Proline - Measurement Standard method for proline content. 1-3 Ear position scale 0-10 Senescence scale Observe aspergillus flavus ear rot severity on the harvested ears per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). AflavERSev - Estimation TslCol Anthocyanin coloration of tassel. Anthocyanin coloration Tassel Tassel Anthocyanin coloration Endosperm Tryptophan content Tryptophan content Tryptophan content in grain endosperm. Endosperm EndoTrp Observe phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). PLSSev - Estimation Cob glumes Anthocyanin coloration of cob glumes. Cob glumes Anthocyanin coloration Anthocyanin coloration CobGlCol 1-5 Anthocyanin coloration scale Standard method for whole-grain lysin content. GLys - Measurement FungDis - Estimation Observe the plants that are damaged by any fungal diseases. Curvularia leaf spot severity Leaf Curvularia leaf spot severity Curvularia leaf spot (Curvularia spp.) severity. CLSSev Sucrose content in the leaf Leaf sucrose content Sucrose content LSucrose Leaf color Grain color GCol Color of the grain. Grain Plant damage caused by Diabrotica species. Diabrotica damage Diabrotica damage DiabroticaDmg Plant Divide the total number of Psacch damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PsacchInc - Computation 1-9 Anthocyanin coloration scale Maize stripe virus incidence Maize stripe virus (MSTV) incidence. MSTVInc Plant Maize stripe virus incidence ear/plot HSmutInc - Computation Divide the total number of HSmut damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Measure on the same 10 grains used for taking grain length measurement. GWid - Measurement PHFL - Measurement Recommended to take multiple plants and measure the height between the base of a plant to the ligule of the flag leaf, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. BwSpotSev Leaf Brown spot severity Brown spot severity Brown spot (Physoderma maydis) severity. Grain GStarch Grain starch content Starch content Whole-grain starch content. Observation of blasting severity of the tassel (necrosis due to heat stress) at the time of flowering. It occurs under extreme temperatures and drought. TslBlastSev blasting severity Tassel blasting severity Tassel TslAnCol - Estimation Standard method for tassel Anthocyanin coloration. mg/g Grain Size of seeds matching demand for a use or a market Seed size for target use/market size FW GY - Computation Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in fresh (field) weight basis. Standard method for cob tassel color. The anthocyanin coloration should be observed on the middle third of the uppermost cob, after the removal of some of the grains. CobGlCol - Estimation Observe sorghum downy mildew severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). DMSSev - Estimation Ear damage Ear damage caused by ear rot and/or insects, etc. Ear EDmg Ear damage Observe maydis leaf blight severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). BmaySev - Estimation grain row number Number of grain rows in the central part of the uppermost ear. Grain row number Ear GRN Text Maize streak virus incidence (MSV) incidence. Plant Maize streak virus incidence Maize streak virus incidence MSVInc EWid - Measurement Meaure ear width. Osmotic potential A measure of the potential of water to move between regions of differing concentrations across a water-permeable membrane. Plant OP osmotic potential Standard method for glucose content. Glucose - Measurement Standard method for leaf erectness LErect - Estimation Plant Head smut incidence Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) incidence. Head smut incidence HSmutInc Standard method for ear growth rate. EGrwR - Computation Severity of leaf rolling, usually scored under drought stress. LRollSev rolling severity Leaf rolling severity Leaf Count the number of plants that are affected by mal de rio cuarto virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MRCVInc - Counting ABA - Measurement Standard method for abscisic acid content. Standard method for whole-grain Nitrogen content GNC - Measurement Root Root proline content Proline content RProl Proline content in the root. Record shelled cob field weight. ShellCobW - Measurement (duplicate) tiller/plant DMSInc Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) incidence. Plant Sorghum downy mildew incidence Sorghum downy mildew incidence SdlngDisInc - Counting Count the seedling that are affected by seedling diseases per plot. EndoCol Color of the endosperm. Endosperm color Endosperm color Observe tropical severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). TRustSev - Estimation cm GSucrose Sucrose content Sucrose content in the grain Grain Grain sucrose content ug/mg t/ha Maize weevil number in Grain WeevN The number of maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) hatching and emerging from an infested grain sample within a given period. Large values indicate susceptibility to grain weevils, small values indicate partial resistance to grain weevils. Grain Maize weevil number DMVSev - Estimation Observe maize dwarf mosaic virus severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). CSmutSev - Estimation Observe common smut severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Tassel branch TslBW Weight of tassel branches. Tassel branch weight weight Standard method for standard germination StdGerm - Estimation Grain storability refers to the ability of grains to remain viable and maintain their quality over a period of time when stored under a given condition. Grain storability Grain storability DMVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by maize dwarf mosaic virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Whole-grain zinc content. Grain zinc content Zinc content Grain GZinc root lodging incidence RLodgInc Plant Root lodging incidence Root lodging incidence. The plants that show root lodging, i.e. those stems that are inclining by more than 45¡. Standard method for whole-grain pro-vitaminA content. GVitA - Measurement Count the number of plants that are affected by CTM per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. CTMInc - Counting EndoHard - Estimation Determine quality of endosperm such as hardness in the lab and use 1-5 to scale to score it. method_of 1-5 rating scale TslGlBAnCol - Estimation Standard method for glumes base tassel Anthocyanin coloration. EH - Measurement Recommended to take 6 alternating plants per plot and measure the height between the base of a plant to the insertion of the top (uppermost) ear of the same plant, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. Observe grain row arrangement in the harvested ears and rate 1-4 categorical scale. GRArr - Estimation TslExer - Estimation Standard method for tassel exertion Observe dead leaf area per plant/plot and rate. Sen - Estimation Tropical rust severity Leaf TRustSev Tropical rust severity Tropical rust (Physopella zeae) severity. CLSSev - Estimation Observe curvularia leaf spot severity on plants per plot based on the degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Optimum number of measurements: i) Vegetative stage: Weekly measurements from 2 to 6 weeks after planting; ii) Flowering: only for inbred lines. NDVI - Measurement ng/µg Harvest a mature upper ear and measure its weight EarW Individual - Measurement Stenocarpella stalk rot incidence Stenocarpella stalk rot incidence Stenocarpella (=Diplodia) stalk rot incidence. Plant StenSRInc Anthocyanin coloration Silk Anthocyanin coloration of stigmas. Silk Anthocyanin coloration SilkCol EWormInc - Counting Count the number of ear damage caused by earworm per plot. Count the number of plants that are affected by head smut per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. HSmutInc - Counting Observe the endosperm color, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession. EndoCol - Estimation DW GY - Computation Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in dry weight basis. Compute grain weigh adjuted to 12.5% moisture. GW Adjusted - Computation DW GY - Measurement Shell the grains (kernels) from the ears harvested per plot and put grains in a paper bag and dry at 60-70¡C for 1-2 days, then measure and record the weight of dried grain. Observe maize lethal necrosis severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). MLNSev - Estimation Sheath Sheath pubescence pubescence ShtPub Presence and intensity of hairs on the surface of the leaf sheath. Plants harvested PHvst Plant Number of plants harvested per unit area. havested number Standard method for whole-grain tryptophan content. GTrp - Measurement AleuCol - Estimation Observe the aleurone color, when applicable, on at least 20 representative plants per accession. BHskCovInc - Estimation Observation of ears with bad husk cover. Sorghum downy mildew severity Plant Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) severity. Sorghum downy mildew severity DMSSev SteWiltInc - Computation Divide the total number of SteWilt damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Count the number of plants that are affected by black bundle per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. AstriInc - Counting Ear position ratio hardness EndoHard Endosperm hardness. Endosperm Endosperm hardness Nitrogen content Whole-grain Nitrogen content. Grain Grain Nitrogen content GNC Pest tolerance The hosts ability to reduce the effect of damages on its fitness regardless of the level of pest pathogen multiplication ( Plant Pest tolerance Rank number FW GY - Computation Calculate shelled grain yield per unit area calculated in fresh (field) weight basis. The hosts ability to reduce the effect of stress on its fitness regardless of the level of abiotic stress (flood, drought, …) applied Plant Abiotic stress tolerance Abiotic stress tolerance Standard method for root capitance. RootCapac - Measurement Grain Lysine content Whole-grain Lysine content. Lysine content GLys Grain StBorDmg Stem borer damage Stem borer damage includes different stem borers such as Chilo partellus, Sesamia spp. and Spodoptera. Stem borer damage Plant Standard method for tassel blasting. TslBlastSev - Estimation 1-6 Endosperm color scale Anthesis time. Plant Anthesis time Ant anthesis time Maturity time Maturity time. Plant maturity time Observe the plant damage caused by army worms per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. AWormDmg - Estimation Aflatox - Measurement Standard method for aflatoxin content. BCLSSev - Estimation Observe bacterial leaf stripe severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Bacterial stalk rot (Erwinia chrysanthemi) incidence. Bacterial stalk rot incidence Plant BactSRInc Bacterial stalk rot incidence Leaf Rust severity RustSev Rust severity Multiple rust pathogens severity. Plant Overall performance Plants ability to thrive, adapt, and produce desired outcomes in a given environment or context. Overall performance Plant damage caused by Diatraea species. Plant Diatraea damage DiatraeaDmg Diatraea damage CT - Measurement Standard method for canopy temperature. NIRS GProt- Measurement NIRS method for whole-grain protein content. FusSRInc - Computation Divide the total number of FusSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. CSmutInc - Computation Divide the total number of CSN damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. lb/plot LGBDmg - Estimation Observe the plant damage caused by large grain borer per plot Ear length. Ear length ELng length Ear BHskCovInc - Computation Divide the total number of ears with bad husk cover by the total number of ears harvested. Count the number of plants that are affected by charcoal rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. CharRInc - Counting StenSRInc - Computation Divide the total number of StenSR damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Ear height height to insertion of uppermost ear Plant height from base to the insertion of the top (uppermost) ear. EH Plant g RGY - Computation Relative grain yield expressed as percentage of the mean grain yield of the trial. Values above 100% indicate above-average performance; values below 100% indicate below-average performance. Count the plants that are affected by fusarium moniliforme stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. FmonSRInc - Counting BwSpotSev - Estimation Observe brown spot severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Tassel branch number number Tassel branch Number of branches on tassel. TslBN Ear Observation of harvested ears based on some morphological and agronomical characters such as ear size, total numbers of ear harvested per plot, ear damaged caused by insects or/and diseases. Ear aspect EAsp aspect Grain moisture. GMoi Grain moisture Grain moisture content Days to maturity - Computation Number of days required from seeding to grain ripening. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and maturity date. tillering Plant Tillering Number of tillers per plant. Tillering CSCMSev Maize bushy stunt (caused by mycoplasma like organism, MLO) severity. Maize bushy stunt severity Plant Maize bushy stunt severity ng/g Fusarium ear rot severity FusERSev Fusarium ear rot severity Fusarium ear rot severity. Ear 1-3 Tassel branching type scale FmonSRSev - Estimation Observe fusarium moniliforme stalk rot severity on plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). Java downy mildew incidence Java downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis) incidence. DMJInc Plant Java downy mildew incidence Count the number of plants that are affected by stenocarpella stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. StenSRInc - Counting StrigaPN Number of Striga hermonthica plants. Striga Striga plant number Plant number Count and weigh grains randomly selected from the total grains. GW FW - Measurement Ear shelling ratio Divide the total number of plants that are root lodged due to weak soil or poorly developed anchorage roots by the total number of plants that are harvested. RLodgInc - Computation 1-5 Aleurone color scale Determine ear position using 1-3 scale. EPo - Estimation SCond - Measurement Measured with a portable porometer. Take the measures in the middle between leaf tip and leaf base, and in between leaf midrib and leaf rim. Blade sections measured must to be exposed to sunlight for at least the 30 minutes before. Measurements always performed in the same side of the leaf (usually the lower or abaxial one). One measurement per leaf, and at least 3 per plot. 1 min per measurement. PytSRInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by pythium stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Tassel Tassel exertion. TslExer exertion Tassel exertion index Grain proline content GProline Proline content Grain Proline content in the grain. Observe polysora rust severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). PpolySev - Estimation Number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants shed pollen. Observe a known number of plants carefully (guideline: N = 20 for inbred lines or hybrids; N = 35 for open pollinated varieties) at the same time each day until 50% of the plants in the plot have produced at least one visible anther and score the number of days from sowing. Also, it can be calculated using sowing and anthesis date. Days to anthesis - Computation 1-4 Ear shape scale LLng - Measurement Measure the leaf which subtends the uppermost ear from ligule to apex. 1-5 damage scoring scale Take same leaf measured for leaf length and measure mid-way along its length. LWid - Measurement Observe tarspot complex severity on the plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). TSCSev - Estimation Protein content in grain endosperm. Endosperm protein content EndoProt Endosperm Protein content Divide the total number of CTM damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. CTMInc - Computation 1-11 Grain type scale Standard method for ear leaf chlorophyll content. ELChl - Measurement Standard method for photochemical radiation index. PRI - Measurement Divide the total number of PDM damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. PDMInc - Computation Maturity date - Estimation Record the date when excised kernels are longitudinally cut to expose a black internal abscission layer at the base of the kernel that signals the kernel has ceased to absorb nutrients or moisture from the mother plants. SteWiltInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by stewart wilt per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Count the number of plants that are affected by maize rough dwarf virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MRDVInc - Counting Recommended to take multiple plants and measure the height from the base of a plant to the top of the tassel, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. PH - Measurement PUnif - Estimation Standard method for plant uniformity ¡C LodgInc - Estimation Scored for severity of lodging. EShape - Estimation Standard method for ear shape CharRInc - Computation Divide the total number of CharRot damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Aspergillus ear rot severity Ear AspERSev Aspergillus ear rot severity. Aspergillus ear rot severity g/1000grain variable_of Leaf senescence. Sen Leaf Senescence senescence mmol /m2/s AstriInc Plant Black bundle (Acremonium strictum) incidence. Black bundle incidence Black bundle incidence GYRank - Computation It is calculated as the numerical position of the progeny when yields are arrenged from highest to lowest. CSCInc Corn stunt incidence Corn stunt incidence Plant Corn stunt complex (corn stunt spiroplasma, maize bushy stunt phytoplasma [= mycoplasma], maize rayado fino virus) incidence. Count the number of ears. EN - Counting BusseolaInc - Counting Count the number plants that are damaged by busseola (african stem borer) per plot. Common smut severity Common smut severity Common smut (Ustilago maydis, syn. U. zeae) severity. Ear CSmutSev Grain taste Taste of the grain (after cooking? Raw?) Grain taste SRInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. Pericarp PericCol Color of the pericarp. Pericarp color color Count the number of plants that are affected by late wilt per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. LateWiltInc - Counting osmotic adjustment OA Plant Osmotic adjustment Osmotic adjustment as ability of the plant to adjust the osmotic potential under stress conditions. Standard method for grain number. GN - Computation kg/ha Standard method for tassel branches dry weight. TslBW - Measurement PAsp - Estimation Score the plants per plot combining several agronomical and morphological characters of plants such plant height, ear height, stem/root loading. Note: Combination of traits usually differ from one breeder to another depending on type of study. Measure moisture of a grain sample using NIRS moisture analyzer. NIRS Moi - Measurement Standard method for silk length. SilkLng - Measurement Count the plants that are affected by fusarium graminearum stalk rot per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. FgramSRInc - Counting Count the number of tillers per plant (average of more than 20 representative) plants. Tillering - Counting Ear leaf senescence date - Computation Record date when 50% of the plants have a dry ear leaf. AphDmg - Estimation Observe the plant damage caused by aphids per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. EndoProt - Measurement Standard method for endosperm protein content. BSDMInc - Computation Divide the total number of BSDM damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. CSmutInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by the common smut per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. MSVInc - Counting Count the number of plants that are affected by maize streak virus per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. weevil PHTslB - Measurement Recommended to take multiple plants and measure the height from the base of a plant to the insertion of the first tassel branch, enter the data individually in the FieldBook and calculate the average. Divide the total number of DMJ damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. DMJInc - Computation Count the number of plants that are affected by philippine downy mildew per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. PDMInc - Counting Calculated as growing-degree units or growing degree days between sowing and maturity. Growing degree days to maturity - Computation 1-5 Standard germination scale 1-5 Tassel exertion scale Observe common rust severity on plants per plot based on degree of infection (relative or absolute area of plant tissue affected by disease). CRustSev - Estimation Silking date - Estimation Observe plants carefully and record date when 50% of plants within a plot area have silks visible (female flowering date). This is determined on a daily basis by counting the number of plants with at least one silk extruded divided by the total number of plants in the plot. 1-5 Tassel blasting severity scale Count the number of plants that are affected by anthracnose leaf blight per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. ALBInc - Counting Standard method for young leaf chlorophyll content. YLChl - Measurement Observe the plant damage caused by Diatraea plot. DiatraeaDmg - Estimation Shell the grains (kernels) from the ears harvested per plot and record fresh (field) weight. FW GY - Measurement ChiloDmg - Estimation Observe the plant damage caused by chilo per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. ¡C day LateWiltInc - Computation Divide the total number of LateWilt damaged plants by the total number of plants harvested. Maize rough dwarf virus incidence Maize rough dwarf virus incidence Plant Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) incidence. MRDVInc cm/day CSCInc - Counting Count the total number of plants that are affected by corn stunt complex per plot. Note: The first and the last plants are eliminated to avoid border effects. scale_of branch 1-4 Leaf erectness scale