36 30% plant height affected, 60% coverage StrawCol_E_1to6 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible, small dark brown to black spots completely surrounded by a distinct chlorotic or tan necrosis MR-MS 73 70% plant height affected, 30% coverage I intermediate (M), pustules of variable size, some necrosis and/or chlorosis Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FLeafLLng_M_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HTERE_pct__INC HtereInc_E_pct 2 very dense 9 LeafGlau_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LEAFGLAU_1_5 DROUGHTTOL_1_5 DroughtTol_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 6 CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SpkDW_Calc_gm2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RARSa_M_Idx RARSa_index CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla STMRES_s_m CIMMYT StomaRes_M_sm PRECO_1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PrecoInc_E_1to9 White 1 LODG_1_5 Lodg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LodgInc_N_T_S_M_V CIMMYT NeckBreak_E_pct NBREAK_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Lodg_E_0to9pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LODG_0_9 GlmPubDen_E_0to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLMPUBDEN _0_9 BM_M_kgPlot CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BM_kg_plot AGRSCR_1_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AgrScr_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RELTMT RELTMT_1_6 Mat_relat_1to6 S susceptible (S), large pustules, no necrosis or chlorosis CIMMYT BM_t_ha Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BM_Calc_tha GSize_ScreenMass4_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla JIC GRNStarch_pct Luzie U Wingen GStarch_NIRS_pct MAT DTM_days DAYSMT DTM CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Mat_dto_day CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FROSTDMGP_0_9 FrostDmg_E_0to9 2 susceptible 1 20% coverage fair (F) 4 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AgrScr_E_0to9 AGRSCR_0_9 CIMMYT CIMMYT GluA3_M_text Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLUA3_text moderately susceptible to moderately tolerant 6 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ALVPG_index AlvPG_Calc_Idx GY_M_gPlnt Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNYLD_g_pl CIMMYT GRNSPL_num GrnSpl_Calc_GrnSpl Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNSPL grains/spikelet CIMMYT GRNCOL_1_3 GCol_E_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Z Heterogeneous, ordered distribution of variable-sized uredinia, with larger uredinia at leaf base (Z) CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNPROT_pct GProt_NIRS_pct HAILDMG_1_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HailDmg_N_T_S_M_V HailDmg_E_1to5 LeafPSSRa_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DROUGHTTOL_pct DroughtTol_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TllrGW_M_g Rosemary Shrestha Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HavenDmg_E_pct HAVEN_pct CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StrawStn_E_1to3 moderately susceptible (MS), average pycnidial density coverage of 30-40% MS CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SEPSP_0_5__RESP SepSpResp_E_0to5 PSTRI_pct__SPKSEV CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PstriSpkSev_E_pct 15 10% plant height affected, 50% coverage FoDA_M_Idx CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla REPPERIOD_days Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RepP_Calc_day CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GCol_M_bvalue GRNCOL_b_value FHBSplInc_Ct_SplInfect CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHB_num__SPLINC InfertTN_Ct_InTllrm2 INFERTNO_tll_m2 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT ForgDM_E_pct intermediate (M), lesions of variable size, some necrosis and/or chlorosis I CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla UtritInc_E_1to9 UTRIT_1_9__INC FHBSpkInc_E_pct FHB_pct__SPKINC CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GlmPubLng_M_um CIMMYT GLMPUBLNG_um Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 3 leaf has shape of a V GLUB1_text GluB1_M_text CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla intermediate to dense 6 5 intermediate damage Nitrogen harvest index JIC Luzie U Wingen NHI_Calc_pct FE_Calc_Idx CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla INFERTNO_tll_m CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla InfertTN_Ct_InTllrm Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRWSTG_00_99 GrwStg_Zdks_00to99 CIMMYT DECODS light-yellow (b 2 SpkDen_E_1to9 SPKDEN_1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FrostDmg_E_1to9 FROSTDMGP_1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LeafR750R700_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FvDA_M_Idx CIMMYT 70 70 PrecoCI_Calc_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRECO_pct__CI 95 Ripening, Seed dormant CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ISBM_M_kgPlot ISBM_kg_plot H2ODMG _0_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WtrLoggDmg_E_0to9 DTH_days Hd_dto_day Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla DTH DAYSHD HEAD CIMMYT TESTWT_g_l CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TestWt_M_gl GPhos_M_mgkg GRNPHOS_mg_kg Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FlrSDS_M_ml FLRSDS_ml CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StritSev_E_00to99 STRIT_00_99__SEV 3 large poor to fair (P-F) 4 RARSb_M_Idx Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RARSb_index very good (VG) 5 FND_dto_day DTFND Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT DTFND_days FND very high damage 9 10% plant height affected, 70% coverage 17 HELSP_00_99 CIMMYT HelSpSev_E_00to99 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ALUTOL_1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AlTol_E_1to9 1 JIC AWNS_0_1 Luzie U Wingen Awns_E_0to1 9 >90% anther extrusion PstriCI_Calc_pct PSTRI_pct__CI CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFlrAsh_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNSIZE_1_3 GSize_E_1to3 CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CGR_Calc_gm2day GGTRI_1_5_INC GgtriInc_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GSize_ScreenMass6_pct CIMMYT JIC GsurfA_M_mm2 GRSA_M_mm2 Luzie U Wingen CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PSTRI_0_8__SEEDRESP PstriSdlgResp_E_0to8 70% plants with broken straw 7 PLNTVIG_1_5 PlntVig_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FlrProt_NIRS_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FLRPROT_pct 40% plant height affected, 80% coverage 48 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla STERIND_pct SpkSterility_Calc_pct ColeopLng_M_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla COLEOPLNG _cm resistant (R), average pycnidial density of 5-15% R CIMMYT BYDInc_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BYD_pct very poor (VP) 1 60% plant height affected, 30% coverage 63 50% plant height affected, 20% coverage 52 Heading, ¼ of head emerged 53 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GluD3_M_text GLUD3_text CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FgramSev_E_00to99 FGRAM_00_99__SEV RNDVI_M_Idx CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RNDVI_index GSize_ScreenMass1_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 1 trace Mixed 6 soft (S, >55) S CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BMPR_Calc_gm2day 3 purple to black weak 1 AphDmg_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla APHDMG_pct CIMMYT H hard (H, <45) 47 Booting, Flag leaf sheath opening CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SedIdx_M_mlpct SEDINDX_ml_pct 60% coverage 6 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PgramSdlgResp_E_0to8 CIMMYT PGRAM_0_8__SEEDRESP GY_tha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Yld_tha GY_Calc_tha GRNYLD_t_ha Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FNIVLB_pct__INC FnivLBInc_E_pct CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FlrFN_M_s FLRFN _s StmWSC_M_pct CIMMYT STEMWSC_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 72 70% plant height affected, 20% coverage 10% plant height affected, 10% coverage 11 StmWSC_NIR_pct CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNAPP_0_9 GApp_E_0to9 CIMMYT BORONTOL_1_9 CIMMYT BTol_E_1to9 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla mid-strong 2 Kernel and milk development, Kernel watery ripe (clear liquid) 71 CIMMYT PlntStnd_Ct_Plntm Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PLNTSTND_pl_m 93 90% plant height affected, 30% coverage 8 moderate to high 60% plant height affected, 80% coverage 68 BLBSev_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ERLVIG_1_5 ErlVig_E_1to5 1 EGRAM_1_5__INC CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla EgramInc_E_1to5 CIMMYT AlvG_M_mm Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AVLG_mm STMFRQ_num StomaFrq_Ct_stomamm2 STMFRQ CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StayGreen_E_1to5 STAYGREEN_1_5 W white SPKLNG_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SpkLng_M_cm Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHBGInc_E_pct CIMMYT FHB_pct__GRNINC 37 Stem elongation or jointing, Flag leaf just visible CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TanSpotResp_E_1to5 TANSPOT_1_5__ADLTRESP CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PSTRI_text PstriNote_E_text GRNCOL_a_value CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GCol_M_avalue PNEGLE_pct PnegleDmg_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla YLDCHECK_pct GY_PctChk_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PstriSev_E_0to12 PSTRI_0_12__SEV CIMMYT 26 20% plant height affected, 60% coverage Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AwnCol_E_1to6 ROOTDIS_1_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RootDis_N_T_S_M_V RootDis_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FLRYD FlrYld_M_pct FLRYLD CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LeafLng_M_cm LEAFLNG_cm PLNTSTND_pl_ha PlntStnd_Calc_Plntha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla medium soft (MS) MS VR very resistant (VR), average pycnidial density of 0-5% HESFDMG _pct HesFlyDmg_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SBMVInc_E_0to9pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SBMV_0_9 MATD Mat_date_ymd CIMMYT MATDATE Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla MATD_yyyymmdd CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FLeafLWid_M_mm RELTMT RELTMT_1_5 Mat_relat_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CiCa_M_Idx CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHB_pct__SPKW Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHBSpkWt_Calc_pct CIMMYT 73 Kernel and milk development, Early milk (liquid off -white) CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HRDCLS_1_3 GHrd_M_1to3 WI_index CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WI_M_Idx BM_Calc_gm2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BM_g_m2 CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TTH_Calc_Cday CIMMYT TN_Ct_Tllrm TNO_tll_m CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 60 60 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TILSP_pct TilSpSpkInc_E_pct STRNUP_Calc_kgha JIC Luzie U Wingen CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LeafR550_M_Idx Stem elongation or jointing, Flag leaf ligule/collar just visible 39 GFILLPERIOD_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GFP_calc_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AlvIe_Calc_pct ALVIe_pct Boot_dtoInit_day DTIB_days DTIB CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 90% plant height affected, 90% coverage 99 40% (14.8% occupied by uredia) 40 MR Moderately-resistant, small dark brown to black spots with very little chlorosis or tan necrosis CIMMYT Bhoja Basnet, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AnthExt_E_0to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RepP_Calc_pct REPPERIOD_pct CIMMYT TanSpotSev_E_00to99 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TANSPOT_00_99__SEV GNDVI_index CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GNDVI_M_Idx 4 low to moderate Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla InfertSpkN_Ct_SplSpk CIMMYT MS Moderately susceptible, small dark brown to black spots completely surrounded with chlorotic or tan necrostic zones, some of the lesions coalescing TINDI_pct TindiInc_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHBSpkResp_E_1to8 FHB_1_8__SPKRESP CIMMYT GSize_ScreenMass3_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AgrScr_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AGRSCR_1_9 LeafGlau_E_0to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LEAFGLAU_0_9 S soft (S) very dense 9 high 7 Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RUE_Calc_gMJ CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PedGlau_E_0to9 PEDGLAU_0_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla NWI2_index NWI2_M_Idx DRidge_dto_day DR DTDR DTDR_days CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AGBMNitr_M_pct JIC Luzie U Wingen NPQI_M_Idx CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla NPQI_index AWNLNG _cm AwnLng_M_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 90% plant height affected, 50% coverage 95 SepSPInc_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SEPSP_pct__INC tenacious (T) T PrecoSdlgResp_E_0to8 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRECO_0_8__SEEDRESP very low 1 FLRPROT_pct CIMMYT FlrProt_Kjl_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 6 good (G) HEATTTOL_1_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HeatTol_E_1to5 HgramInc_E_0to9pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HGRAM_0_9 UtritInc_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla UTRIT_pct__INC CIMMYT red to brown 2 4 rolled leaf rim covers part of leaf blade Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRECO_0_4__RESP CIMMYT PrecoResp_E_0to4 susceptible (S), 21 to 50 % of infection S good to very good (G-VG) 7 80% plant height affected, 10% coverage 81 MixTim_M_min MIXTIM_min CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla InsectDmg_N_T_S_M_V InsectDmg_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla INSECTDMG_1_5 CIMMYT NWI4_M_Idx NWI4_index CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GrwCls_E_1to3 GROWTHCLS_1_3 MIXTYP_1_6 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT MixTyp_E_1to6 Hd_relat_1to5 RELTHD_1_5 RELTHD CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TTRIT _pct__INC TtritInc_E_pct 25 Tillering, Main shoot and 5 Tillers GRNH20_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GMoi_E_pct CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LI_M_pct CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Ci_M_umolCO2mol1 96 Ripening, 50% of viable seed germinates CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PSTRI_0_9__RESP PstriResp_E_0to9 StmLng_M_cm STMLNG_cm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 97 90% plant height affected, 70% coverage 20% (7.4% occupied by uredia) 20 10 Seedling development , First leaf emerged Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GRNCOL_1_5 GCol_E_1to5 VT very tall (VT) Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RsolaInc_E_0to9pct RSOLA_0_9 CIMMYT facultative (intermediate) I Ripening, Kernel hard (not dented by thumbnail) 92 shrivelled (SH) 1 high 7 CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SpkPho_Textile_pct Days to emergence CIMMYT Emer_dto_day DTE DTE_days Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla IBD IBD_yyyymmdd Boot_dateInit_ymd CIMMYT 6 CIMMYT HAILDMG_0_9 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HailDmg_E_0to9 BM_g_pl BM_M_gPlnt Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT spring S low 3 PRI_M_Idx CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRI_index CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla NDVI_index NDVI_M_Idx Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GThk_M_mm CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LOFVOL_ml LofVol_M_ml 30% plant height affected, 90% coverage 39 FHB_pct__AUDPC CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHBAUDPC_Calc_pct 9 excellent (E) 86 80% plant height affected, 60% coverage Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT RsecaSev_E_pct BLBSev_E_00to99 BLB_00_99__SEV CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GSize_ScreenCount5_pct weak (W) W highly susceptible 1 Tillering, Main shoot only 20 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LEAVESCID_delta LeafCID_M_delta13C CIMMYT SN_Calc_Spksm2 SNO_spk_m2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 40% plant height affected, 50% coverage 45 CIMMYT DRidge_date_ymd Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla DRD DRD_yyyymmdd Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLUA1_text GluA1_M_text CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CHL_CCI Chl_M_CCI low damage 3 1 small CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla STMSTRENGTH_1_9 StmStrength_E_1to9 Amber 5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FOXYWIL _pct FoxiWilt_E_pct Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FvDAFmDA_M_Idx CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PHORD_0_12__SEV PhordSev_E_0to12 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HgramInc_E_pct HGRAM_pct WKill_E_0to9 WKILL_0_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 9 90% plants with broken straw HSATIL_pct__INC HsatiLInc_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LODG_1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Lodg_E_1to9 PedPubDen_E_0to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PEDPBD_0_9 CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GSize_ScreenMass5_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TN_Ct_TllrPlnt TNO_tll_pl Ant_date_ymd ANTDATE CIMMYT ANTD ANTD_yyyymmdd Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla No visible infection on plants 0 high damage 7 GLMLNG_mm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GlmLng_M_mm 30% plant height affected, 50% coverage 35 0 No visible affection 3 GYFac_Calc_num YLDFAC_num CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Amax_M_umolCO2m2s2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FND_date_ymd FNDD FNDD_yyyymmdd CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RcereInc_E_0to9 RCERE_0_9 CIMMYT LeafSPI_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GFRTT_Calc_gCday JIC GFILLRATE_thermal_time Luzie U Wingen 20% plant height affected, 80% coverage 28 WMFLRFN_s CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFlrFN_M_s MR moderately resistant (MR), 9 to 11 % of infection ARMDMG_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ArmyWDmg_E_pct CIMMYT BLKPT_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BlkPtInc_E_pct UagroResp_E_1to8 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla UAGRO_1_8__RESP CIMMYT Seedling development , 7 leaves unfolded 17 high 4 43 40% plant height affected, 30% coverage CIMMYT PgramNote_E_text Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PGRAM_text 60% (22.2% occupied by uredia) 60 6 60% plants with broken straw TCONT_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TcontInc_E_pct LEAFPUBLNG _um CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LeafPubLng_M_um GRNIRON_mg_kg GrnIron_M_mgkg CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TSD_yyyymmdd TSD TSpl_date_ymd CIMMYT hard (H, <45) H CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLng_M_mm 1% (0.37% occupied by uredia) 1 RodentDmg_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RODDMG_pct 9 very good (VG) GRAINCID_delta Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GCID_M_delta13C CIMMYT CROPGRWRATE_g_m2_day CropGrwRate_Calc_gm2day Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT attribute 6 medium to high Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RachLng_M_mm CIMMYT CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Anet_M_umolCO2m2s2 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StritInc_E_pct STRIT_pct__INC high to very high damage 8 SaltTol_E_1to9 SALTOL _1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNHRD_pct GHrd_M_pct SpkTyp_E_1to6 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Tillering, Main shoot and 2 Tillers 22 2 moderately resistant, small to medium uredinia often surrounded by Chlorosis or necrosis, green island may be surrounded by chlorotic or necrotic border (2) Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GluB3_M_text GLUB3_text CIMMYT HI_Calc_Idx Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HI_index FGRAM_pct__INC FgramInc_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BIRDDMG_pct BirdDmg_E_pct CIMMYT COKSDF_index Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CookSdF_M_Idx highly susceptible 1 SPROUTTOL _1_9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SproutTol_E_1to9 CIMMYT GGTRI_pct__INC Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GgtriInc_E_pct CIMMYT Fs_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla COLDTOL_pct ColdTol_E_pct CIMMYT GRNRETEN_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GReten_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLUCON_pct FLRGluCon_M_pct CIMMYT StrawYld_Calc_tha JIC Luzie U Wingen Stem elongation or jointing, 2nd node detectable 32 MH medium hard (MH) CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla DTB_days Boot_dto_day BOOT DTB Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RARSc_M_Idx CIMMYT RARSc_index PH_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RELTPH_1_5 CIMMYT CIMMYT Asat_M_umolCO2m2s1 Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FrostDmg_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FROSTDMG_1_5__SPK FrostDmg_N_T_S_M_V CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SpkPI_Calc_Idx STMDIA_mm Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StmDia_M_mm CIMMYT SemoProt_NIRS_pct CIMMYT SEMOPROT _pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TanSpotInc_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TANSPOT_pct Booting, Boot just visibly swollen 43 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PstriResp_E_1to8 PSTRI_1_8__ADLTRESP CIMMYT HtereSev_E_00to99 HTERE_00_99__SEV Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 1 very lax 70 70% (25.9% occupied by uredia) CIMMYT ISBM_Calc_gm2 ISBM_g_m2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LODG_pct Lodg_E_pct ACDTOL _1_5 CIMMYT AcdTol_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla JIC Luzie U Wingen BMNUP_Calc_kgha 1 white LeafPSSRb_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 3 intermediate 5 50% anther extrusion 6 intermediate to moderate Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HEADD_yyyymmdd Hd_date_ymd HEADDATE HEADD CIMMYT JIC Luzie U Wingen GFILLPERIOD_thermal_time GFPTT_Calc_Cday FLRCOL_b_value CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FlrCol_M_bvalue 80% plant height affected, 40% coverage 84 Resistant (R) - Very light pycnidial formation. Some coalescing of lesions mainly toward the leaf tip and in older leaf tissue. R CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GY_gm2 Yld_gm2 GY_Calc_gm2 GRNYLD_g_m2 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNPLUMP_1_3 GPlump_E_1to3 high 9 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRECO_1_4__RESP PrecoResp_E_1to4 CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SnodoInc_E_pct SNODO_pct__INC 2 very low GW_M_g200grn CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GW200_g 9 CIMMYT DTTS_days Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TSpl_dto_day DTTS WT weak-tenacious (WT) hollow 1 75 Kernel and milk development, Medium milk (milky liquid) CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AphDmg_E_1to5 APHDMG_1_5 PGRAM_1_8__ADLTRESP PgramResp_E_1to8 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 10% plant height affected, 20% coverage 12 Tillering, Main shoot and 6 Tillers 26 SEPSP_1_5__RESP CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SepSpResp_E_1to5 PH_M_m CIMMYT PH_m Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GrwHabit_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GHABIT_1_5 CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GSize_ScreenCount2_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RsecaSev_E_00to99 RSECA_00_99__SEV CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StdEst_E_1to3 3 CIMMYT TanSpotSdlgResp_E_0to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TANSPOT_0_5__SEEDRESP Seedling development , 5 leaves unfolded 15 GlmWid_M_mm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLMWID_mm Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ISBM_g_plot ISBM_M_gPlot CIMMYT AlvPL_Calc_Idx ALVPL_index Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GFILLPERIOD_days GFP_calc_day 3 early to normal (E-N) Ant_dto_day DAYSAN CIMMYT ANT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla DTA_days 7 moderately tolerant SemoProt_Kjl_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SEMOPROT _pct 6 GY_M_kgPlot PLOTGRNYLD_kg CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla STMTHK_um CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StmWallThk_M_um CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PHORD_pct__CI PhordCI_Calc_pct 2 early (E) 8 good to very good (G-VG) MIXTQ_pct_min Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla MixTq_M_pctmin CIMMYT Stem elongation or jointing, 1st node detectable 31 2 Red CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PlntStnd_Ct_PlntPlot PLNTSTND_pl_plot 30% plant height affected, 40% coverage 34 susceptible to moderately susceptible 4 5 highly tolerant CIMMYT TTTS_Calc_Cday Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHB_0_5__SPKRESP CIMMYT FHBSpkResp_E_0to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GrndCov_M_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNDCOV_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TllrCAPACITY_1_5 TllrCapacity_E_1to5 31 30% plant height affected, 10% coverage SEPSP_00_99__SEV CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SepSpSev_E_00to99 1 10% coverage CIMMYT StmSol_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla STMSOL_1_3 18 10% plant height affected, 80% coverage CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FlrCol_M_Lvalue FLRCOL_L_value 8 tolerant 4 Purple GLMCOL_1_3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GlmCol_E_1to3 moderately resistant (MR), average pycnidial density coverage of 15-30% MR JIC Luzie U Wingen BMNUtE_Calc_kgkgN 4 tolerant 74 70% plant height affected, 40% coverage CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StritResp_E_0to5 STRIT_0_5__RESP 9 head prematurely ripened (whitehead) or plant collapsed with sharp eyespot lesions on the stem, or shoot killed as the ear emerges from the sheath with sharp eyespot lesions on the shoot FGRAM_0_5__RESP CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FgramResp_E_0to5 CT_C CIMMYT CT_M_C Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla immune (0), no uredinia or other macroscopic sign of infection I TN_Ct_Tllrm2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TNO_tll_m2 CIMMYT BLKPT_0_9 BlkPtInc_E_0to9pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT TTM_calc_Cday CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFlrYellPig_M_ppm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFLRYELPIG_ppm LAI_Calc_Idx CIMMYT LAI_index Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 88 80% plant height affected, 80% coverage CIMMYT GSize_ScreenCount4_pct Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ALVP_mm AlvP_M_mm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla JIC Luzie U Wingen GFILLRATE GFR_Calc_gday RLESDMG_pct RLNDmg_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT SROLF_1_8 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SrolfResp_E_1to8 FHBDON_M_ppm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHB_ppm__DON very low 1 GERM_pct GermiTest_pct Germ_M_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla low to intermediate damage 4 L late (L) moderate 7 Yld_kgha GY_kgha GRNYLD_kg_ha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GY_Calc_kgha 4 dense Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LeafTR_M_mmolH2Om2s1 CIMMYT moderately resistant (MR), small pustules surrounded by necrotic areas MR StrawYld_E_tha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT WMFlrCol_M_Lvalue Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFLRCOL_L_value 100% (37% occupied by uredia) 100 2 poor (P) 1 Fusiform 2 sparse Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT AlvL_M_mm ALVL_mm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla MgrisSev_E_pct CIMMYT StmWSC_Atrone_pct Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 5 intermediate 11 Seedling development , First leaf unfolded RUET_Calc_gMJ Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GSize_ScreenCount6_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PhiCO2_M_Idx CIMMYT Seedling development , 8 leaves unfolded 18 Tillering, Main shoot and 1 Tiller 21 1 none CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PEDLNG _cm PedLng_M_cm I Intermediate (I) - Light pycnidial format ion. Coalescing of lesions normally noticeable towards the leaf tip and elsewhere on the leaf. BM_Calc_kgha CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BM_kg_ha RootRot_E_0to9pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ROOTROT_0_9 CIMMYT 23 Tillering, Main shoot and 3 Tillers P purple 2 low R resistant CRMSTR_1_5 CrmStr_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SN_M_Spksm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SNO_spk_m STMSIZ _um CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StomaSiz_M_um 3 very good (VG) 40% plant height affected, 40% coverage 44 SH semi-hard (SH, 45-55) PRECO_text CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PrecoNote_E_text SPLSPK SplN_Ct_SplSpk CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla spikelets/spike SPLSPK_num Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GScreen_M_pct GRNSCREEN_pct CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TlaevInc_E_pct TLAEV_pct__INC Ripening, Secondary dormancy 98 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GrndCov_GS15_pct GRNDCOV_pct__GS15 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla NWI3_M_Idx NWI3_index BSMV_0_9 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BSMV_E_0to9pct CIMMYT normal, similar to local check (N) 4 5 one or more sharp eyespot lesions girdling in total less than or equal to 3/5 of the stem circumference, with the stem remaining un-softened 2 poor (P) SnailDmg_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SNAILDMG_pct Seedling development , 2 leaves unfolded 12 GluTyp_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLUTYP_1_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CTD_Calc_C CIMMYT CTD_C 5% (1.85% occupied by uredia) 5 4 one or more sharp eyespot lesions girdling in total less than or equal to 2/5 of the stem circumference, with the stem remaining un-softened Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla RSpkGP_Calc_pct CIMMYT AWNS_0_9 Awns_E_0to9 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT JIC Luzie U Wingen Nitrogen use efficiency NUE_Calc_kgkgN 5 medium 0 no visible infection (0) S soft (S, >55) 3 medium CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla COLDTOL_1_5 ColdTol_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BLSSev_E_00to99 BLS_00_99 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FLEAFA _cm2 FLeafA_M_cm2 CIMMYT intermadiate to dense 6 HNECRO_0_1 HNecro_E_0to1 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Booting, Flag leaf sheath extending 41 50% plant height affected, 50% coverage 55 CIMMYT EgramInc_E_0to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla EGRAM_0_5__INC Lodg_E_0to5pct LODG_0_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 82 80% plant height affected, 20% coverage 2 20% plants with broken straw 0 very poor (VP) 80% plant height affected, 50% coverage 85 poor to fair (P-F) 3 Ripening, Overripe, straw dead and collapsing 94 CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TTB_Calc_Cday 29 20% plant height affected, 90% coverage MR Moderately-resistant, small dark brown to black spots with very little chlorosis or tan necrosis SawflyDmg_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CPYGM_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ALVW_joules AlvW_M_joules R resistant (R), 1 to 8 % of infection 5 50% plant height affected, 40% coverage 54 66 60% plant height affected, 60% coverage 10% plant height affected, 40% coverage 14 30 30% (11.1% occupied by uredia) BYD_0_9 CIMMYT BYDInc_E_0to9pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 60% coverage 3 2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT StmCol_E_1to6 GProt_Kjl_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GRNPROT_pct 00 Germination, Dry seed 01 Germination, Water uptake (imbibition) started 2 intermediate Dough development, Early dough (elastic, dry and shiny) 83 GHrd_M_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HRDCLS_1_5 light moderate susceptible LMS CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SGNDmg_E_pct ATRITDMG _pct 50% plant height affected, 70% coverage 57 NV not vitreous (NV) MS moderately Susceptible (MS), medium-sized lesions, no necrosis, but some chlorosis possible CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SpkGW_M_g MR moderately resistant (MR), small pustules surrounded by necrotic areas S susceptible (S), large lesions, no necrosis or chlorosis PRECO_1_8__ADLTRESP PrecoResp_E_1to8 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla moderately resistant (MR), small pustules surrounded by necrotic areas MR entity very sparse to sparse 2 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GHrd_M_1to4 HRDCLS_1_4 CIMMYT 50% coverage 5 good (G) 7 PSTRI_pct__SEV CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PstriSev_E_pct P purple Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TTA_Calc_Cday CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla InsectDmg_E_pct INSECTDMG_pct WMFLRCOL_a_value CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFlrCol_M_avalue 40 40 WKILL_1_5 WKill_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Dough development, Very early dough (slides when crushed) 81 2 Moderate Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FvLAFmLA_M_Idx susceptible (S), large pustules, no necrosis or chlorosis S GRNSPK grains/spike GRNSPK_num CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GrnSpk_Calc_GrnSpk 50% plant height affected, 30% coverage 53 one or more sharp eyespot lesions girdling in total less than or equal to 4/5 of the stem circumference, with the stem remaining un-softened 6 80 80 very early (VE) VE Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT GWid_M_mm 6 Mixed 2 40% coverage 70% plant height affected, 90% coverage 79 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GAmyloPec_M_pct 50 50 PHORD_1_9 PhordInc_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla NWI1_M_Idx CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla NWI1_index moderately susceptible to susceptible (MS-S) MS-S dense 7 70% plant height affected, 10% coverage 71 FoliarDis_N_T_S_M_V FolDis_E_1to5 CIMMYT FOLDIS_1_5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SEDVTR_1_3 GVtr_E_1to3 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PgramSev_E_pct CIMMYT PGRAM_pct__SEV 4 KNO CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla grains/m2 GM2 kernel/m2 GN_Calc_Grnm2 GNO_grains_m2 GNO HI_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HI_Calc_pct medium strong (MS) MS CIMMYT PHORD_pct__SEV Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PhordSev_E_pct AtritResp_E_1to8 ATRIT _1_8__RESP Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT CIMMYT HtereSev_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LeafPI_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla white W No anther extrusion 0 80% plant height affected, 90% coverage 89 WKill_E_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT WKILL_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FHB_index__SPLINC FHBSplInc_Calc_Idx CIMMYT 20% plant height affected, 30% coverage 23 very susceptible VS LeafWid_M_mm LEAFWID_mm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Tillering, Main shoot and 9 or more Tillers 89 Late hard dough (difficult to dent) 29 57 Heading, ¾ of head emerged I immune (I), 0 % of infection acronym CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FvLA_M_Idx GRNCOL_L_value CIMMYT GCol_M_Lvalue Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 3 one or more sharp eyespot lesions girdling in total less than or equal to 1/5 of the stem circumference, with the stem remaining un-softened Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HerbDmg_N_T_S_M_V HerbicideDmg_E_1to5 HERBDMG_1_5 CIMMYT 32 30% plant height affected, 20% coverage 1 none GSize_ScreenMass2_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FrostDmg_E_pct FROSTDMGP_pct intermediate 5 6 60% anther extrusion Y heterogeneous, ordered distribution of variable-sized uredinia, with larger uredinia at leaf tip (Y) R resistant (R), necrotic areas with or without small pustules 2 good (G) 40% anther extrusion 4 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLMGLAU_0_9 GlmGlau_E_0to9 CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StomaCond_M_mmolm2s STMCOND_mmol_m2_s Rosemary Shrestha CIMMYT GrnTllr_Calc_GrnTllr Strong (S) S 91 Ripening, Kernel hard (difficult to divide, 16% water) 2 20% anther extrusion 0 no damage CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ISBM_Calc_tha ISBM_t_ha 2 0 No symptom of sharp eyespot BirdDmg_E_1to5 BIRDDMG_1_5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BirdDmg_N_T_S_M_V 9 90% coverage 1 very resistant, small uredinia surrounded by necrosis (1) CIMMYT FmDA_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GW100_g GW_M_g100grn Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 30% plants with broken straw 3 CIMMYT HSATIL_00_99__SEV Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla HsatiLSev_E_00to99 moderate 5 49 Booting, First awns visible Emer_date_ymd EMERD_yyyymmdd EDATE EMERDATE Emergence date CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla EMERD 30% plant height affected, 30% coverage 33 70% plant height affected, 50% coverage 75 susceptible, large uredinia without chlorosis (4) 4 GluD1_M_text Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLUD1_text CIMMYT 60% plant height affected, 20% coverage 62 5 50% plants with broken straw 98 90% plant height affected, 80% coverage very hard (VH) VH FLRYELLCLS_1_3 FlrYellCls_M_1to3 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AntDmg_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ANTDMG_pct JIC NupE_Calc_kgkgN Luzie U Wingen 80% coverage 8 0 absent PherpResp_E_1to8 PHPRP_1_8__RESP CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla EgramInc_E_1to9 EGRAM_1_9__INC CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 03 Germination, Imbibition complete 1 unrolled, turgid CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LeafR675_M_Idx VS Very susceptible (VS), large, abundant pycnidia, lesions coalescing extensively CIMMYT SR_M_Idx Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SR_index DNOXI_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla DnoxiDmg_E_pct Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GYPR_Calc_gm2day CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ISBM_Calc_kgha ISBM_kg_ha CIMMYT GNitr_NIRS_pct GRN_pct JIC Luzie U Wingen 1 10% anther extrusion No breakage 1 90 90% (33.3% occupied by uredia) poor (P) 3 FLRCOL_a_value CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FlrCol_M_avalue PstriInc_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PSTRI_1_9 25 20% plant height affected, 50% coverage 38 30% plant height affected, 80% coverage NODENO _num CIMMYT NodeNO_Ct_node Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla THRESHBLTY_1_9 Threshblty_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 40% plant height affected, 90% coverage 49 7 awned (conspicuous) red R Heading, ½ of head emerged 55 susceptible S 90% plant height affected, 20% coverage 92 no visible infection (0) 0 T1BL1RS_M_0to1 T1BL1RS_0_1 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT 3 awnletted (short) Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FgramSev_E_pct very severe (V) 5 Stem elongation or jointing, 4th node detectable 34 21 20% plant height affected, 10% coverage CIMMYT SIPI_index SIPI_M_Idx Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 1 present slight (S) 3 PgramSev_E_0to12 PGRAM_0_12__SEV CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla trace (T) 2 Stem elongation or jointing, 6th node detectable 36 CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GSize_ScreenCount1_pct FoLA_M_Idx CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 5 severe TestWt_M_kghl TESTWT_kg_hl CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SEMOCOL_b_value SemoCol_M_bvalue 51 50% plant height affected, 10% coverage 5 leaf is severely rolled very lax to lax 2 16 10% plant height affected, 60% coverage PrecoSev_E_pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRECO_pct__SEV 30% plant height affected, 70% coverage 37 8 PlntStnd_Calc_Plntm2 PLNTSTND_pl_m2 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 0 69 60% plant height affected, 90% coverage LEAFTNECR _pct CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LeafTNecro_E_pct hard (H) H white (b<12.5) 1 LRollSev_E_1to5 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Shattering_E_pct SHATTERING_pct Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT LeafR750R550_M_Idx 2 20% coverage lax to intermediate 4 TSPI_M_Idx CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Bhoja Basnet, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla AnthExt_E_pct 67 60% plant height affected, 70% coverage WMFLRSDS_ml WMFlrSDS_M_ml CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 87 Dough development, Hard dough (thumbnail impression held) 70% plant height affected, 60% coverage 76 Seedling development , 9 or more leaves unfolded 19 semi-hard (SH, 45-50) SH MR moderately resistant (MR), small lesions surrounded by necrotic areas medium (M) M 3 fair (F) very low damage 2 5 7 70% anther extrusion CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WMFlrCol_M_bvalue WMFLRCOL_b_value CIMMYT BOOTD_yyyymmdd Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BOOTDATE Boot_date_ymd BOOTD CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla FLEAFSEN_pct FLeafSen_E_pct Prostrate (P) P EgramSev_E_00to99 CIMMYT EGRAM_00_99__SEV Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 90 90 1 none (N) 51 Heading, First spikelet of head visible Dough development, Soft dough (firm, thumbnail mark not held) 85 tall (T) T VS very short (VS) Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible, small dark brown to black spots completely surrounded by a distinct chlorotic or tan necrosis MR-MS red/white R/W Immune (Imm) - No pycnidial formation, no symptoms or occasional hypersensitive fleck. Imm 64 60% plant height affected, 40% coverage 20% plant height affected, 20% coverage 22 42 40% plant height affected, 20% coverage JIC Luzie U Wingen GNUP_Calc_kgha FnivLBSev_E_00to99 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT FNIVLB_00_99__SEV 70% plant height affected, 80% coverage 78 Seedling development , 4 leaves unfolded 14 CIMMYT GRNZINC_mg_kg Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GZinc_M_mgkg 1 very poor to poor (VP-P) CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla VEGPERIOD_days VgP_calc_day LEAFTHK_mm LeafThk_M_um CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla severe 9 0 insensitive 10% (3.7% occupied by uredia) 10 One or more sharp eyespot lesions on lower sheaths but no symptoms on the stem 1 61 60% plant height affected, 10% coverage light moderate LM FmLA_M_Idx CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla WORMDMG_pct WormDmg_E_pct 2 very low to low PhotopResp_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PHOTORESPO_1_9 MS moderately susceptible (MS), medium-sized pustules, no necrosis, but some chlorosis possible R Resistant, small dark brown to black spots without any surrounding chlorosis or tan necrosis MS-S moderately susceptible to susceptible (MS-S) highly susceptible to susceptible 2 9 4 sparse to intermediate vitreous (V) V 5 fair to good (F-G) 3 moderately susceptible, medium-sized uredinia that may be associated with chlorosis (3) 8 very good (VG) 7 dense TGW TKW GW_M_g1000grn THOUWT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla TGW_g SpkDis_E_1to5 CIMMYT SPKDIS_1_5 SpkDis_N_T_S_M_V Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla one or more sharp eyespot lesions girdling in total less than or equal to 5/5 of the stem circumference, with the stem remaining un-softened 7 Oblong 3 moderately resistant MR CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PgramCI_Calc_pct PGRAM_pct__CI 5 intermediate 28 Tillering, Main shoot and 8 Tillers JIC Luzie U Wingen Nitrogen utilisation efficiency NutE_Calc_kgkgN 6 fair to good (F-G) CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla VgP_calc_pct VEGPERIOD_pct R resistant (R), necrotic areas with or without small lesions 69 Flowering or anthesis, Flowering complete MS moderately susceptible (MS), medium-sized pustules, no necrosis, but some chlorosis possible M moderate (M) 47 40% plant height affected, 70% coverage 50% plant height affected, 80% coverage 58 Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SLA_M_m2kg1 CIMMYT MS Moderately susceptible, small dark brown to black spots completely surrounded with chlorotic or tan necrostic zones, some of the lesions coalescing CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla BM_M_gPlot BM_g_plot No visible affection 0 8 LeafPubDen_E_0to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LEAFPUBDEN_0_9 semi-spreading (SS) SS GPD_Calc_pct JIC Luzie U Wingen 4 Clavate Branched 2 E early (E) R resistant (R), necrotic areas with or without small pustules moderately susceptible (MS), medium-sized pustules, no necrosis, but some clorosis possible MS JIC Luzie U Wingen GFibre_NIRS_pct GRNFibre_pct Ripening, Seed not dormant 97 3 yellow (b>15) none 1 0% (no uredia) 0 30% coverage 3 Elliptical 5 3 Black 09 Germination, Leaf just at coleoptile tip EgramInc_E_pct EGRAM_pct__INC CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla low 3 70% coverage 7 3 intermediate 59 50% plant height affected, 90% coverage dense to very dense 8 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PH_M_cm PH_cm R red low 3 moderate susceptible MS CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla ETR_M_?molm2s1 94 90% plant height affected, 40% coverage Heading, Emergence of head complete 59 GY_M_gPlot PLOTGRNYLD_g CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 8 stem softened with sharp eyespot lesions on the stem nearly immune, no uredinia, but hypersensitive necrotic or chlorotic flecks present (,) , late (L) 5 very susceptible (VS), > 50 % of infection VS Susceptible, small dark brown to black centres may or may not be distinguishable, most lesions consist of coalescing chlorotic or tan necrotic zones S 5 100% coverage M moderate white/red W/R 30 30 TTIB_Calc_Cday CIMMYT Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla good (G) 4 4 low to intermediate 1 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla GLys_M_pct CIMMYT 20 20 partly vitreous (PV) PV CIMMYT PrecoSev_E_0to12 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PRECO_0_12__SEV very high 8 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla CIMMYT Wsurv_E_pct short (S) S 0 none 30% anther extrusion 3 50 50% (18.5% occupied by uredia) immune, no uredinia or other macroscopic sign of infection (0) I very early (VE) 1 winter W 20% plant height affected, 70% coverage 27 CIMMYT ISBM_E_1to5 Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla StrawBreak_E_1to9 CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla Germination, Radicle emerged from seed 05 5 77 70% plant height affected, 70% coverage CIMMYT PTHORN_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla PthornDmg_E_pct Susceptible (S) - Moderate pycnidial formation, lesions coalescing considerably. S S susceptible (S), pycnidial density greater than 40% 2 one or more sharp eyespot lesions on upper (as well as lower) sheaths but no symptoms on the stem VR very resistance MS moderately susceptible (MS), 12 to 20 % of infection 93 Ripening, Kernel loosening in daytime Flowering or anthesis, Flowering half complete 65 61 Flowering or anthesis, Start of flowering R resistant (R), necrotic areas with or without small pustules Tillering, Main shoot and 4 Tillers 24 0 awnless dense to very dense 8 CIMMYT PhiPS2_M_Idx Gemma Molero, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla high to very high 8 SemoYellPig_M_ppm CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SEMOYELPIG_ppm I immune 4 40% coverage very high 9 9 highly tolerant 33 Stem elongation or jointing, 3rd node detectable intermediate to high damage 6 27 Tillering, Main shoot and 7 Tillers 5 severe VL very late (VL) 1 very sparse fair (F) 5 GSize_ScreenCount3_pct CIMMYT Kate Dreher, Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla 5 moderately susceptible 65 60% plant height affected, 50% coverage 45 Booting, Boot swollen 3 Poor Wheat ontology 20% plant height affected, 40% coverage 24 Seedling development , 3 leaves unfolded 13 3 susceptible 3 sparse 3 strong 35 Stem elongation or jointing, 5th node detectable 10 10 8 80% plants with broken straw 8 80% anther extrusion 6 moderate to high GYellBer_M_pct Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla YELBER_pct CIMMYT 56 50% plant height affected, 60% coverage Resistant, small dark brown to black spots without any surrounding chlorosis or tan necrosis R 1 very poor (VP) 3 solid 1 Good 2 low 4 S spreading (S) erect (E) E R-MR resistant to moderately resistance (R-MR) 6 very late (VL) 00 no disease HR Highly Resistant (HR) - No or only occasional isolated pycnidia formed, particularly in older leaf tissue, hypersensitive flecking in younger leaf tissue. 90% plant height affected, 10% coverage 91 7 5 very dense heterogeneous, random distribution of variable-sized uredinia on single leaf (X) X Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla SuPDmg_E_1to5 SUPDMG _1_5 CIMMYT CIMMYT Rosemary Shrestha, Julian Pietragalla LRollInc_E_pct 99 Ripening, Secondary dormancy lost 19 10% plant height affected, 90% coverage 2 leaf rim starts to roll JIC Luzie U Wingen STRNitr_NIRS_pct high 4 83 80% plant height affected, 30% coverage 2 very low R-MR resistant to moderately resistance (R-MR) Germination, Coleoptile emerged from seed 07 Kernel and milk development, Late milk (more solids in milk) 77 30 Stem elongation or jointing, Pseudo stem erection 3 medium 3 lax 4 moderate (M) 2 very poor to poor (VP-P) JIC Luzie U Wingen BMNUE_Calc_kgkgN low to medium 4 41 40% plant height affected, 10% coverage medium 2 90% plant height affected, 60% coverage 96 Seedling development , 6 leaves unfolded 16 46 40% plant height affected, 60% coverage susceptible (S), large pustules, no necrosis or chlorosis S SE semi-erect (SE) 4 80% plant height affected, 70% coverage 87 absent 1 SS semi-soft (SS, 51-55) 4 80% coverage 10% plant height affected, 30% coverage 13 absent 0 S Susceptible, small dark brown to black centres may or may not be distinguishable, most lesions consist of coalescing chlorotic or tan necrotic zones 80% (29.6% occupied by uredia) 80 40% plants with broken straw 4 grain/m2 Powdery mildew incidence in the plants caused by the agent Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe graminis) f. sp. tritici. EgramInc Powdery mildew incidence Leaf Powdery mildew incidence RNDVI Measurement Standard method for spectral reflectance. 0-5 percentage scale Leaf electron transport rate Transfer of electrons during photosynthesis in light saturated leaf. ETR Electron transport rate Leaf Length Length of flag leaf lamina. FLeafLLng Flag leaf lamina Flag leaf lamina length Stem Node number NodeN Node number Number of nodes in the main stem. LeafTR Measurement Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. % 1-3 GLMCOL scale Use formulae to calculate grain yield in g/m2 GY Computation s Leaf lamina partitioning index. Lamina partitioning index LeafPI Leaf Leaf lamina partitioning index Standard method for Septoria species response. SepSpResp Estimation Baking quality of flour describing bread loaf volume. Bread LofVol Bread loaf volume Loaf volume GMoi Estimation Moisture content is determined by drying a grain wheat sample in an air oven and comparing the weight of the sample before and after heating. The amount of weight loss is the moisture content. Moisture content results are expressed as a percentage. Nitrogen use efficiency Grain Nitrogen Use Efficiency The grain dry mass (grain yield) production per Nitrogen available to a plant. NUE Canopy water index Canopy Water index use reflectance at 970 nm as a wavelength sensitive to water content, while reflectance at 900 nm is taken as a reference which is similarly affected by canopy and leaf structures but with null absorption by water. Water index WI Mixograph type Dough Mixograph type (mixograph curve) is used for determining the strength of dough. MixTyp Dough mixograph type ISBM Measurement Sampling is typically performed at sequential developmental stages/time intervals through crop growth. Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. In most cases, determinations of dry mass are made on representative sub-samples to reduce oven space requirement, take additional measurements (e.g., fertile culm count) etc. Several protocols available (Bell and Fischer, 1994, Reynolds et al., 2001, Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives. Wsurv Plant Winter survival Ability to survive or withstand cold temperatures in the late fall, winter, or early spring. Winter survival HgramInc Barley Helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence Barley Helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence Leaf Barley helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence in the plants caused by the agent Drechslera graminea (helminthosporium gramineum). text Standard method for forage dry matter. ForgDM Estimation Standard method for herbicide damage. HerbicideDmg Estimation PedLng Measurement Standard method for peduncle length. The semolina color. Semolina Color SemoCol Semolina color Standard method for cookie spread factor. CookSdF Measurement Image Analysis Screen Mass1 Measurement of grain size distribution based on the percent mass of the grains greater than 2.8 mm based on screenings using the Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. HsatiLInc Spot blotch incidence Spot blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Cochliobolus sativus (helminthosporium sativum). Spot blotch incidence Leaf Threshability (ease to thresh) is a score where several spike-related traits such as rachis fragility (brittle or non-brittle rachis) and glume tenacity (hulled or free-threshing). Threshability Spike threshability Threshblty Spike spikelet/spike StrawCol Estimation Standard method for straw color. 0-9 density scale Plant height PH Height of plant from ground to top of spike, excluding awns. Height Plant µmol CO2/mol Shape characteristics of typical mature spikes. Spike type Type Spike SpkTyp HtereInc Net blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora teres (helminthosporium teres). Net blotch incidence Leaf Net blotch incidence 1-5 TOL scale Intercellular to ambient carbon dioxide ratio Leaf intercellular to ambient carbon dioxide ratio Intercellular to ambient carbon dioxide ratio. Leaf CiCa Leaf Leaf spectral reflectance 550 nm Spectral reflectance LeafR550 The normalized amount of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by the leaf at R550 nm wavelength. Color Stem StmCol Stem color Color of the stems. Growth stage Plant Growth/developmental stages based on Zadoks decimal code. GrwStg Growth stage Quantum yield of photosystem II Quantum yield of electron transfer at PSII. PhiPS2 Leaf quantum yield of photosystem II Leaf Plant Photoperiod response Plant photoperiod response Extent to which long days hasten flowering. PhotopResp FoLA Leaf minimal fluorescence intensity Minimal fluorescence intensity Minimal level of fluorescence intensity measured in the leaf. Leaf FLeafSen Estimation Rate using a scale from 0 (0% senescence) to 10 (100% senescence) using the guide, in increments of 10%. WMFlrYellPig Whole meal flour yellow pigment content Yellow pigment content Whole meal flour Whole meal flour yellow pigment content due to the presence of xanthophyll and other related compounds. Leaf Stripe rust (yellow rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Stripe rust plant response Stripe rust plant response PstriResp degree C day 1-9 SPKDEN scale Eyespot plant response Eye spot response in the plants caused by the fungal species Tapesia yallundae (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoide w-type) and Tapesia acuformis (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides r-type). Symptoms: the eye shape elliptical lesions forms on lower base of stem and lower leaf sheath. The eyespots are straw yellow in color from the middle and are surrounded by the greenish brown to dark brown rings. Eyespot plant response PherpResp Plant mg/kg Plant BYDInc Barley yellow dwarf incidence Wheat yellow dwarf incidence in the plants caused by the agent wheat yellow dwarf virus. Barley yellow dwarf incidence AwnCol Estimation Standard method for awn color. Grain weight Grain weight per tiller. Grain weight per tiller GWTTILL Tiller Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry under heat condition and rate the tolerance. HeatTol Estimation RcereInc Estimation Main shoots are assessed for sharp eyespot disease. GPD Computation Calculated as the deviation from the yield-protein linear regression. 1-9 TOL scale Flour yellowness. FlrYellCls Flour yellowness Yellowness Flour Standard method for leaf pubescence density. LeafPubDen Estimation cm GNDVI Normalized difference vegetation index Normalized difference vegetation index is used to measure vegetative greenness and canopy photosynthetic size. Canopy green normalized difference vegetation index Canopy Bacterial leaf streak severity Bacterial leaf streak severity in the plants caused by the agent Xanthomonas translucens. The disease, called black chaff when on the glumes. Leaf BLSSev Bacterial leaf streak severity Canopy normalized difference vegetation index NDVI Canopy Normalized difference vegetation index Normalized difference vegetation index is used to measure vegetative greenness and canopy photosynthetic size. Vegetative period VgP Time period between emergence (ds10) and first node detectable (ds31). Plant Plant vegetative period Grain Grain starch content Gstarch Content of starch (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in the whole wheat grain samples. Starch content Measurement of grain size distribution based on the percent mass of the grains that fall between 2.2 mm - 2.0 mm based on screenings using the Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Image Analysis Screen Mass4 Stripe rust (yellow rust) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Stripe rust coefficient of infection Leaf PstriCI Stripe rust coefficient of infection SpkTyp Estimation Standard method for spike type. WKill Estimation Observe winterkill of plants per plot and rate it. ml g/m2 Detect in the SDS-PAGE gel the presence of some protein bands from rye chromosome translocation. SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis (1BL1RS) SnailDmg Estimation Standard method for snail damage. PhiPS2 Measurement Standard method for fluorescence measurement. Common bunt spike incidence Common bunt spike incidence Common bunt (stinking bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, complete bunt, low bunt, high bunt) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia species. Spike TilSpSpkInc Standard method for rachis length. RachLng Measurement Standard method for worm damage. WormDmg Estimation PstriInc Leaf Stripe rust (yellow rust) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Stripe rust incidence Stripe rust incidence 1-5 HRDCLS scale Standard method for canopy temperature depression. CTD Computation GN Computation Grain number (GNO) as other yield components can be calculated or measured individually (Bell and Fischer, 1994, Reynolds et al., 2001, Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives. GNO determines the sink size of the crop and under many conditions it is strongly correlated with yield. Grains/m2 (GNO) = yield (g/m2) / TGW (g) × 1000. FgramResp Estimation Standard method for Fusarium graminearum response. Plant damage caused by hail. Hail damage Plant Hail damage HailDmg day Semolina yellow pigment content due to the presence of xanthophyll and other related compounds. SemoYellPig Yellow pigment content Semolina Semolina yellow pigment content Minimal level of fluorescence measured from a dark adapted leaf. FoDA Measurement Leaf LeafThk Measurement of leaf thickness. Leaf thickness Thickness Leaf tip necrosis incidence A physiological phenomenon caused by hot, dry and windy weather. the whole tip of the flag leaf tends to be necrotic and will often fold over. leaf tip necrosis progresses from the margins of the flag leaf tip and lower leaves as well show some signs of it. leaf tip necrosis is observed to some extent in all wheat varieties containing the leaf rust gene resistance gene lr34. Leaf Tip necrosis LeafTNecro ISBM In-season aboveground biomass Plant All above-ground biomass at any developmental stage and/or at regular intervals from the emergence to physiological maturity. Aboveground biomass In-season 1. Extract storage proteins (glutenins/gliadins) from wheat grain, 2. Separate glutenins from gliadins, 3. Run proteins extracts in polyacrylamide gels, 4. Stain the gel and de-stain, 5. Identify the allele for each locus. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis Standard method for wheat blast severity. MgrisSev Estimation Plant tolerance to high levels of soil boron. Plant Boron tolerance BTol Boron tolerance TcontInc Estimation Standard method for dwarf bunt incidence. Stem solidness StmSol Stem Solidness of stem. Solidness Chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content in leaf green tissue. It includes ONLY chlorophyll-b. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants. Pigment simple ratio chlorophyll b LeafPSSRb Leaf T1BL1RS Absence/Presence The 1bl/1rs translocation in wheat resulted from replacing the short arm of the chromosome 1b of wheat by the short arm of the chromosome 1r of rye (Secale cereale l.). Translocation 1BL/1RS Translocation 1BL/1RS 1-3 GRNCOL scale g/200 grain 1-9 STRAWBREAK scale Grain Thickness of whole grain. Grain thickness GThk Thickness Grain screenings Proportion of small grain passing through a sieve. GScreen Grain Screenings proportion StayGreen Estimation Stay-green assessment is conducted through the growing season, starting with the onset of the senescence of the specific organ to be evaluated. degree C Loose smut incidence UtritInc Loose smut incidence in the plants caused by ustilago tritici. Loose smut incidence Spike Standard method for stem solidness. StmSol Estimation GlmLng Measurement Standard method for glume length. g Stripe rust seedling response Stripe rust seedling response Seedling PstriSdlgResp Stripe rust (yellow rust) response in the seedlings caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. GlmCol Estimation Standard method for glume color. Ant Anthesis or flowering time is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional. pollination and fertilization occur during this period. Plant Anthesis time Anthesis time Response (type of disease reaction) in adult plant to leaf/stem/stripe rust, refers to the infection type and is classified according to the following scale: 0-No visible infection. R-Resistant, necrotic areas with or without small pustules. MR-Moderately Resistant, small pustules surrounded by necrotic areas. M-Intermediate, pustules of variable size, some necrosis and/or chlorosis. MS-Moderately Susceptible, medium-sized pustules, no necrosis, but some chlorosis possible. S-Susceptible, large pustules, no necrosis or chlorosis. Adult plants rust field response Estimation Standard method for yield factor GYFac Computation Standard method for neck break. NeckBreak Estimation Common bunt incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of bunted spikes within a row. TilSpSpkInc Estimation Standard method for Fusarium graminearum severity. FgramSev Estimation g/plot CGR Crop growth rate It is the rate of dry matter production per unit area. Biomass production Plant FE Computation Spike fertility index. Dry weight of 20 randomly selected spikes at anthesis. Fruiting Efficiency= number of grains at maturity / spike dry matter at anthesis. AntDmg Estimation Standard method for ant damage. Boot DS45 date Estimation Record booting stage (DS45) when 50% of culms present boot swollen. Cookie spread factor The ratio between average height and width of cookies. Cookie Spread factor CookSdF Hessian fly damage Plant Hessian fly damage The plant damage caused by hessian fly, Maytiola destructor. HesFlyDmg GLys Lysine content of the kernel/grain. Lysine content Grain Grain lysine content Fusarium head blight DON content FHBDON Content of deoxynivalenol or don (vomitoxin) that is often associated with fhb (fusarium spp.) infected grains. Fusarium head blight DON content Grain Tilletia laevis incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of bunted spikes within a row. TlaevInc Estimation GYellBer Measurement Standard method for yellow berry incidence. plant/m2 Grain width Width of whole grain. Width GWid Grain Seedling Tan spot seedling response Tan spot seedling response Tan spot (Pyrenophora yellow leaf blotch, yellow spot) response in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (helminthosporium tritici-repentis). Symptoms: the lesions appear as tan to brown flecks, which expand into large, irregular, oval- or lens-shaped tan blotches with a yellow or chlorotic margin. TanSpotSdlgResp BMNUE Computation Calculated as the above ground biomass divided by the total soil Nitrogen. 1-4 PRECO scale Standard method for net blotch incidence. HtereInc Estimation Radiation use efficiency RUE_T Canopy The amount of biomass produced per unit of intercepted solar radiation. Radiation Use Efficiency The plant damage caused by birds. Bird damage Plant Bird damage BirdDmg Septoria blotch plant response Leaf SepSpResp Septoria blotch response in the plants caused by the agent Septoria species. Septoria blotch plant response PstriSpkSev Estimation Severity of rust in spike is recorded as a percentage, according to the modified Cobb scale. As this relies upon observation it cannot be absolutely accurate. Thus it is common to use the following intervals: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 percent infection. Surface area Surface of whole grain. Grain Grain surface area GsurfA Observe the growth habit of wheat plants during tillering stages and rate whether erect/semi-erect/prostrate/semi-spreading/spreading GrwHabit Estimation Standard method for screening grain size distribution ranging from 2.2 ? 2.0 Screen using Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Image Analysis Screen Count4 Peduncle glaucousness Peduncle Glaucousness in peduncle. PedGlau Glaucousness SDS sedimentation volume Flour Flour SDS sedimentation FlrSDS Testing of refined flour quality by sds-sedimentation, a test estimating gluten-protein overall quality. CTD Difference between ambient temperature and canopy temperature. Canopy temperature depression Temperature depression Canopy Grain plumpness Plumpness The degree of endosperm filling. GPlump Grain Canopy normalized water index 4 NWI4 Canopy Normalized water index 4 is used track changes in rwc, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (rwc<0.85). Normalized water index 4 Wheat blast severity in the spikes caused by the agent Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia oryzae). Symptoms: It can infect all above-ground parts of the wheat plant, but head blast, resembling Fusarium head blight in appearance, is the most common symptom in the field. Infected spikes become bleached and produce small shriveled seed or none at all. Wheat blast severity Spike MgrisSev Wheat blast severity Modified cobb scale for severity Severity of leaf/stem/stripe rust is recorded as a percentage, according to the modified Cobb scale. As this relies upon observation it cannot be absolutely accurate. Thus it is common to use the following intervals: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 percent infection. Semolina protein content Protein content in durum wheat semolina. Protein content SemoProt Semolina Standard method for scoring tan spot response in seedlings. TanSpotSdlgResp Estimation Leaf Quantum yield of carbon dioxide fixation PhiCO2 Leaf quantum yield of carbon dioxide fixation Quantum yield of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation. Image Analysis Screen Count2 Standard method for screening grain size distribution ranging from 2.8 ? 2.5 Screen using Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. stoma/mm2 1-9 PHOTORESP scale Double digit (00-99) RodentDmg Estimation Standard method for rodent damage. AntDmg Plant Ant damage The plant damage caused by ants. Ant damage Canopy Structural independent pigment index uses wavelengths showing the best semi-empirical estimation of the carotenoid chlorophyll a ratio (car:chla ratio), and its formulation minimizes the disrupting effects of leaf surface and mesophyll structure. Canopy structural independent pigment index Structural independent pigment index SIPI FLRGluCon Measurement 1. A 10-gram sample of flour or ground wheat is weighed and placed into the glutomatic washing chamber on top of the polyester screen, 2. The sample is mixed and washed with a 2 percent salt solution for 5 minutes, 3. The wet gluten is removed from the washing chamber, placed in the centrifuge holder, and centrifuged, 4. The residue retained on top of the screen and through the screen is weighed. Standard method for ash content in whole meal flour. WMFlrAsh Estimation PstriInc Estimation Standard method for Stripe rust incidence. Width of glume. Width Glume width GlmWid Glume SpkGW Measurement Dry grains at 70oC and weigh. Fusarium head blight (scab) incidence in spikes caused by the agent fusarium spp. Fusarium head blight spike incidence FHBSpkInc Spike Fusarium head blight spike incidence Standard method for flour yield. FlrYld Measurement Standard method for grain zinc content. GZinc Measurement Plant DRidge Double ridge time Double ridge time is just when apex changes from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. Double ridge time SepSPInc Estimation Standard method for Septoria species incidence. Terminal spikelet thermal time TTTS Terminal spikelet thermal time Plant Thermal Time from emergence to Terminal Spikelet (GS30). 1-9 incidence scale Emer DS10 days Computation Number of days from sowing to the seedling emergence (DS10). A small sample of flour or ground wheat (1.0 grams) is weighed and placed in 25-milliliter glass-stoppered graduated cylinder. This is mixed with different solutions for some minutes and then rested. Finally, the volume of the sediment is recorded after 21 minutes. SDS-sedimentation determination Refers to grains showing chalky or starchy endosperm areas. Yellow berry incidence Grain yellow berry incidence GYellBer Grain Plants killed as a result of winter conditions. WKill Plant Winter kill damage Winter kill damage NIR calibrated based on Kjeldahl results. NIRS Measurement Leaf intercellular carbon dioxide concentration Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration. Leaf Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration Ci 1-6 Phenological relative scale Area Area of the flag leaf lamina. FLeafA Flag leaf area Flag leaf InfertTN Counting Count the number of infertile tillers. Flag leaf lamina FLeafLWid Flag leaf lamina width Width Width of flag leaf lamina. kg/kg N Mixograph mixing time MixTim Time required for the dough development from beginning of mixing flour and water to the dough reaches maximum consistency (peak). Dough Mixograph mixing time Dough SpkSterility Spike sterility observed as infertile florets. Spike Spike sterility index Sterility FHBGInc Fusarium head blight grain incidence Grain Fusarium head blight (scab) incidence in the plants caused by the agent fusarium spp. Fusarium head blight grain incidence Spikelet Number of spikelets per spike. Spikelet number Number SplN Root lesion nematode damage The plant damage caused by root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. RLNDmg Root lesion nematode damage Root Ci Computation Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. Glutenin Glu-B3 composition GluB3 Flour Low molecular weight glutenin subunits of glu-b3. Glutenin Glu-B3 composition The chlorophyll content of leaves (and other green tissues) can be quickly, and non-destructively measured using a hand-held battery portable optical meter (e.g., Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter) which measures the chlorophyll content via light transmittance (absorbance of red light at 650 nm and infrared light at 940 nm) and compensates for differing leaf thicknesses. Readings from the instrument are not absolute chlorophyll values, instead each reading is a ?chlorophyll concentration index? (CCI, ranging from 0 to 99.9). Measurements are typically made on the flag leaf (once fully expanded), although measurements of lower leaves may be taken to assess canopy chlorophyll profiles. Chl Measurement CID determination Proceed following the protocol for sampling of grains or leaves for CID in Chapter 6 in Pask et al., 2012. Mass spectrometers generate differential values of stable carbon isotope composition (?13C), expressed negative values in parts per thousand (?) (Farquhar et al., 1989): ?13C (?) = [(Rsample/Rstandard)?1] × 1000. Where: the ratio of heavy to light isotope (R = 13C/12C) for the sample is in comparison to Peedee Belemnite (PDB) carbonate (limestone) standard. Following Farquhar et al. (1989) ? rather than using carbon isotope composition values (?13C), positive values for CID (?13C) can be calculated for easier statistical analysis as: ?13C = [(?a-?p)]/[1 + (?p/1000)] Normalized water index 1 Canopy normalized water index 1 Canopy Normalized water index 1 is used track changes in rwc, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (rwc<0.85). NWI1 mm 0-9 percentage scale 1-5 DMG scale Leaf Spectral reflectance Leaf spectral reflectance 675 nm LeafR675 The normalized amount of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by the leaf at R675 nm wavelength. Measurement of the light intercepted by the canopy using a ceptometer as described in Pask et al., 2012, chapter 11, Mullan and Pietragalla. LI Computation 0-5 FHB field response scale CCI 1-5 TANSPOT field response scale Plant Plant stand Stand PlntStnd Plant population or plant density. Root PthornDmg Pratylenchus thornei damage Pratylenchus thornei damage The plant damage caused by root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei. index StomaCond Measurement Standard method for stomatal conductance. TTB Booting thermal time Thermal Time from emergence to Booting (GS45). Booting thermal time Plant Record date of first node detectable (DS31). It is easier to determine in the field than DS30. It is estimated in-field as the day at which the first node can be detected at approximately 1 cm above the tillering node. The observation is performed in the main tiller. FND DS31 date Estimation Standard method for semolina yellow pigment. SemoYellPig Measurement Barley stripe mosaic incidence Barley stripe mosaic incidence BSMV Barley stripe mosaic incidence in the plants caused by barley stripe mosaic virus. Plant joules HI Harvest index A ratio of grain yield to total above ground biomass. Plant Biomass partitioning to grain GSize Estimation Visual observation of grains size. Fusarium head blight (scab) spike response caused by the agent fusarium spp. Fusarium head blight spike response FHBSpkResp Spike Fusarium head blight spike response Grain weight per spike Grain weight Grain weight per spike. SpkGW Spike Number of days from sowing to terminal spikelet (DS25-30 approx.). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. TSpl DT Computation Fs Steady-state fluorescence Leaf steady-state fluorescence Leaf The fluorescence emitting during steady state. kg/hl Amax Measurement Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. FLRGluCon Gluten content Flour gluten content Flour Content of wet gluten in flour. Maturity time Maturity time starts at hard dough stage (ds87) often called physiological maturity. Plant Maturity time Mat SpkDis Estimation Standard method for spike disease development. LI Canopy Light interception Light energy intercepted by the canopy. Canopy light interception StritResp Estimation Standard method for Septoria tritici blotch response. ALVEOGRAPH determination AACC 54-30 A 1. A sample of 60 grams or 250 grams of flour is mixed with a salt solution to form a dough. 2. The dough is sheeted, rested and inflated in the Chopin Alveograph, 2. Five 4.5 centimeter circular dough patties are formed and then rested in the alveograph in a temperature-regulated compartment at 25 degrees Celsius for approximately 20 minutes, 3. Each dough patty is tested individually. The alveograph blows air into a dough patty, which expands into a bubble that eventually breaks, 4. The pressure inside the bubble is recorded as a curve on graph paper. The alveograph determines the gluten strength of a dough by measuring the force required to blow and break a bubble of dough. The results include P Value, L Value, and W Value. Plant Fusarium wilt incidence Fusarium wilt incidence FoxiWilt Fusarium wilt incidence in the plants caused by the agent fusarium oxysporum. Grain weight increase per day in the period between anthesis (ds65) and maturity (ds87). Plant Grain fill rate GFR Grain fill rate Anet Measurement Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. Kjeldahl AACC 56-81B Kjeldahl AACC 56-81B. Dough Dough mixograph torque MixTq It is the torque measured during the mixograph test. Mixograph torque Dough P value is the force required to blow the bubble of dough. it is indicated by the maximum height of the curve. Dough alveograph value P Alveograph value P AlvP It is measured during rapid spike growth phase. Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. Then, CRG is the production of biomass per day between initiation of booting and seven days after anthesis. Calculated as (Biomass 7DAA/m2 - Biomass InB/m2)/Days from InB to 7DAA. CGR Computation 1-5 Phenological relative scale GrnSpk Computation The number of grains per spike can be measured independently by threshing a known number of randomly selected spikes per plot (10-20 spikes per plot) or can be calculated as: Grains per spike (GSP) = grains m2 / spikes m2. Calculated as total amount of Nitrogen in the grain at harvest. GNUp Computation LeafPSSRa Measurement Standard method for spectral reflectance. True stem partitioning index TSPI True stem partitioning index. Stem True stem partitioning index Image Analysis Screen Count6 Standard method for screening grain size distribution <1.6 Screen using Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Canopy ratio analysis of reflectance spectra chlorophyll b Canopy Rarsb is an estimation of chlorophyll b content. Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra chlorophyll b RARSb Plant Uptake of Nitrogen in the above ground biomass at maturity. Nitrogen uptake Above ground biomass nitrogen uptake BMNUp Leaf rust (brown rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita. PrecoResp Leaf rust plant response Leaf Leaf rust plant response NodeN Counting Standard method for node number. PH Estimation Score a relative plant height to local check using 1-5 scale where 3 is used for the local check (1 = short, 5 = tall). Assessment of plant height compared to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment. AACC 55-10 or SeedCount management procedure Standard method for test weight. spike/m Nitrogen uptake GNUp Grain Uptake of Nitrogen in the whole wheat grain samples. Grain Nitrogen uptake 1-3 HRDCLS scale SpkDen Estimation Standard method for spike density. Leaf Lamina Coefficient = Lamina DM measured at7 DAA/whole plant DM at 7 DAA. Individual shoots (for example: 10-20) are harvested seven days after anthesis and the shoots are separated into: spikes, leaf laminas, true stem, leaf sheath. The dry weight of leaf lamina is recorded and the total dry weight calculated. The partitioning index is calculated comparing the weight of each individual part regarding the total weight of the plant. LeafPI Computation Stem rust (black rust) severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. Plant Stem rust severity Stem rust severity PgramSev LeafGlau Estimation Standard method for leaf glaucousness. GW Measurement Dry grains at 70oC and weigh. Standard method for barley stripe mosaic virus incidence. BSMV Estimation Hd DS55 days Computation Number of days required from sowing to spike emergence from the flag leaf (DS55). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. Calculated time between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87)of crop cycle duration. GFP pct Computation LeafPSSRa Chlorophyll content Leaf Pigment simple ratio chlorophyll a Chlorophyll content in leaf green tissue. It includes ONLY chlorophyll-a. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants. Awns Presence Standard method for awn presence estimation. InfertSpkN Counting The number of infertile spikelets (i.e., those NOT containing grain) per spike should be counted towards the end of grain-filling, but before physiological maturity (to avoid losses due to movement through the plots). Randomly sample 5-10 spikes per plot, by selecting at the base of the culm. Count the total number of spikelets (pair-by-pair, from the base to the tip), then obtain the average. GLng Measurement Standard method for whole grain length. PlntStnd Counting Counting the number of plant per area or row. Severity of rust is recorded as a percentage, according to the modified Cobb scale. As this relies upon observation it cannot be absolutely accurate. Thus it is common to use the following intervals: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 percent infection. Rust severity Estimation SpkPho Photosynthetic contribution of the spike (ear) to grain yield. Spike Photosynthesis Spike Spike photosynthesis contribution µmol CO2/m2/s Measured as weight by percentage of all matter passing through a 2 mm slotted screen ? 40 shakes in the direction of the slots GScreen Measurement Grain Sprouting tolerance Tolerance of grain to sprout when in the spike. SproutTol Sprouting tolerance Leaf Barley leaf rust severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia hordei. PhordSev Barley leaf rust severity Barley leaf rust severity b value Canopy simple ratio Canopy A vegetation index related with canopy structure, light absorption and photosynthetic capacity. SR Simple ratio The plant damage caused by foliar diseases. Foliar disease development FolDis Leaf Foliar disease development Standard method for flag smut field response. UagroResp Estimation NHI Computation Calculated as total grain Nitrogen divided by the total biomass Nitrogen. Leaf variable fluorescence Variable fluorescence measured in the leaf. FvLA Variable fluorescence Leaf Emer DS10 date Estimation Record date of when 50% of seedlings have emerged (DS10). Standard method for gas exchange measurement. PhiCO2 Measurement HelSpSev Helminthosporium species severity Plant The disease severity in the plants caused by the agent Helminthosporium species. Helminthosporium species severity Image Analysis Screen Count3 Standard method for screening grain size distribution ranging from 2.5 ? 2.2 Screen using Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Incidence of leaf rolling, usually scored under drought stress. Leaf Leaf rolling incidence LRollInc Rolling incidence LAI Computation LAI can be determined directly by taking a sample of canopy from a plant canopy, measuring the leaf area per sample plot with an area meter or image scanner and dividing it by the plot land surface area. Indirect methods use ceptometer to measure canopy geometry or light extinction and relate it to LAI. (LAI = leaf area / ground area, m2 / m2). PedPubDen Estimation Standard method for peduncle pubescence density. 0-1 absent-present Stem rust coefficient of infection Stem rust coefficient of infection Plant Stem rust (black rust) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. PgramCI Leaf Stomatal resistance StomaRes Leaf stomatal resistance Resistance to diffusion of water vapor through a plant stomata. Photochemical reflectance index is correlated with the de-epoxidation stage of the xanthophylls cycle, with zeaxanthin, and with radiation-use efficiency (filella et al., 1996). higher pri values indicate greater efficiency. Canopy Canopy photochemical reflectance index Photochemical reflectance index PRI GFR Computation Calculated daily grain weight increase between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87) of crop cycle duration. Modified Particle Size Index AACC 55-30 or NIR calibrated based on PSI results Modified Particle Size Index AACC 55-30 or NIR calibrated based on PSI results Assessment of heading (DS55) compared to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment. Hd DS55 relative Estimation FHBSpkInc Estimation Standard method for FHB spike incidence. 0-12 Modified Cobb Scale FrostDmg Plant damage caused by frost. Frost damage Plant Frost damage g/MJ EgramInc Estimation Standard method for powdery mildew incidence. NIR calibrated based on Kjeldahl results. NIRS Measurement Tan spot (Pyrenophora yellow leaf blotch, yellow spot) severity in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Helminthosporium tritici-repentis). Symptoms: the lesions appear as tan to brown flecks, which expand into large, irregular, oval- or lens-shaped tan blotches with a yellow or chlorotic margin. Tan spot severity Tan spot severity Leaf TanSpotSev Measured in centimeters from the base of the spike to the tip excluding the awns (average of 6-10 random spikes in plot). SpkLng Measurement 1-5 GLUTYP scale PrecoSdlgResp Leaf rust (brown rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita. Seedling Leaf rust seedling response Leaf rust seedling response Stem Water soluble carbohydrate content Stem water soluble carbohydrate StmWSC Water soluble carbohydrates accumulate up to and around anthesis and are partitioned to the stem, from where they are later available as a reservoir for remobilization to the developing grains. These reserves are an important source of carbon for grain filling. TN Counting Count or calculate the number of total tillers (fertile and infertile) per lineal meter, per plant or per square meter. PrecoInc Estimation Standard method for leaf rust incidence. Standard method for spectral reflectance. Canopy spectral reflectance Measurement PherpResp Estimation Standard method for eye spot field response. Leaf chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content Chl Leaf Chlorophyll content in leaf green tissue. It includes both chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants. The normalized amount of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by the leaf at R750/R550 nm wavelength. Spectral reflectance Leaf spectral reflectance 750/550 nm Leaf LeafR750R700 Maximum quantum yield of PSII measured from a light adapted leaf. FvLAFmLA measurement AphDmg Estimation Standard method for aphid damage. Spike FHBSpkWt Fusarium head blight spike weight Fusarium head blight (scab) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent fusarium spp. Fusarium head blight spike weight For agronomic score observe visually detectable signs of factors limiting yields and rate. AgrScr Estimation 0-4 PRECO scale Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. ETR Measurement Leaf Leaf hairiness density. Pubescence density LeafPubDen Leaf pubescence density Flour Low molecular weight glutenin subunits of glu-a3. Glutenin Glu-A3 composition GluA3 Glutenin Glu-A3 composition Alveograph value L L value is the extensibility of the dough before the bubble breaks. it is indicated by the length of the curve. AlvL Dough alveograph value L Dough Number of days from sowing to first node detectable. However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. FND DS31 DT Computation Standard method for stem strength. StmStrength Estimation 1-3 STDEST scale Number of days required from sowing to physiological maturity (approx. DS87). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. Mat DS87 DT Computation Standard spike dry weight method. SpkDW Computation Observe vigour of the plants per plot/entry and rate it. PlntVig Estimation Image Analysis Screen Count1 Standard method for screening grain size distribution >2.8 Screen using Seed Count (SC5000R)machine. Standard method for FHB spike response. FHBSpkResp Estimation AnthExt Anther Anther extrusion Anther extrusion Extrusion of anthers. Record date of initiation of booting stage when 50% of the culms expected to produce spikes are between DS39 (Flag leaf ligule/collar just visible) and DS41 (Flag leaf sheath extending). Boot DS39 date Estimation min Standard method for sterility index computation. SpkSterility Computation Score the damage caused by frost per plot. FrostDmg Estimation L value LeafLng Measurement Standard method for leaf length. Maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry Maximum quantum yield of PSII measured in the leaf. Leaf maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry FvLAFmLA Leaf Fusarium graminearum incidence FgramInc Fusarium graminearum incidence Spike Fusarium graminearum incidence in the plants. Grain Filling duration Canopy RSpkGP Rapid spike growth period. Rapid spike growth period GSurfA_Measurement Marvin method for whole surface area. s/m Stem rust seedling response PgramSdlgResp Stem rust (black rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. Stem rust seedling response Seedling Standard method for flag leaf area. FLeafA Measurement Black point incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of grain with black point symptoms. BlkPtInc Estimation Flour Flour color. Flour color Color FlrCol StrawYld Straw Straw yield Yield Amount (weight) of straw. 1-5 RELTPH scale Shattering Spike shattering Shattering Observation of grains dehiscence from spike at maturity. Spike GluD1 Flour Glutenin Glu-D1 composition Glutenin Glu-D1 composition High molecular weight glutenin subunits of glu-d1. Assessment of physiological maturity (approx. DS87) compared to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment. Mat DS87 relative Estimation 1-5 Septoria response scale 1-3 STMSOL scale Standard method for Fusarium graminearum incidence. FgramInc Estimation The plant damage caused by sawfly, Cephus cinctus. SawflyDmg Sawfly damage Plant Sawfly damage Standard method for Fusarium wilt incidence. FoxiWilt Estimation Measurement of Radiation Use Efficiency as described in Pask et al., 2012, chapter 11, Mullan and Pietragalla. RUET Computation Rolling severity Severity of leaf rolling, usually scored under drought stress. Leaf Leaf rolling severity LRollSev Glutenin Glu-D3 composition GluD3 Low molecular weight glutenin subunits of glu-d3. Glutenin Glu-D3 composition Flour Peduncle pubescence density Peduncle hairiness density. Pubescence density PedPubDen Peduncle Booting time is just prior to spike emergence, when the flag leaf sheath encloses the growing spike. Plant Boot Booting time Booting time Standard method for coleoptile length. ColeopLng Measurement Test weight Grain TestWt Grain test weight Test weight or specific weight is the weight of a fixed volume of clean grains. Observation of awn type whether awnless/awnletted (short awns)/awned (conspicious awns). Spike awnedness Awns Awnedness Spike High throughput approaches to measuring ground cover are: visual assessment or digital analysis of photographs GrndCov Measurement Aluminum tolerance AlTol Plant Plant tolerance to aluminum. Aluminum tolerance TTIB Computation Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating since emergence until initiation of booting (thermal time from da1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. LeafSPI Computation Leaf Sheath Coefficient = Leaf Sheath DM measured at 7 DAA/whole plant DM at 7 DAA. Individual shoots (for example: 10-20) are harvested seven days after anthesis and the shoots are separated into: spikes, leaf laminas, true stem, leaf sheath. The dry weight of leaf sheath is recorded and the total dry weight calculated. The partitioning index is calculated comparing the weight of each individual part regarding the total weight of the plant. Heading time Heading time extends from the time of emergence of the tip of the spike from the flag leaf sheath to when the spike has completely emerged but has not yet started to flower. Plant Hd Heading time Calculated as total amount of Nitrogen in the straw at harvest. STRNUp Computation Standard method for peduncle glaucousness. PedGlau Estimation 1-5 scoring scale FnivLBInc Estimation Standard method for Fusarium leaf blotch incidence. Standard method for flag leaf lamina length. FLeafLLng Measurement BM Computation Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. Biomass as other yield components can be calculated or measured individually (Bell and Fischer, 1994, Reynolds et al., 2001, Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives. Forage dry matter Forage dry matter Plant ForgDM Forage dry matter. Stripe rust notes Stripe rust (yellow rust) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Leaf Stripe rust notes PstriNote Wsurv Estimation Standard method for winter survival. Grain GProt Content of protein (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in the whole wheat grain samples. Protein content Grain protein content Bread CrmStr The cellular structure of wheat bread crumb. Structure Bread crumb structure FmDA Measurement Maximal level of fluorescence measured from a dark adapted leaf. PthornDmg Estimation Above-ground symptoms of root lesion nematodes are often indistinct and difficult to identify, but include poor vigor, stunted growth, poor tillering, and wilting in response to moisture stress. Often, crop growth in an infected field will be irregular or patchy. Below ground, cereal roots will display generalized root browning, with lesions rapidly coalescing to produce extensive areas of discoloration. Lesions are only readily observed on the roots in the very early stages of infection. Lateral roots will be reduced in both length and number, and the root system may be thin and poorly branched or appear necrotic. Whole meal flour Color Whole meal flour color WMFlrCol The whole meal flour color. GlmWid Measurement Standard method for glume width. StmWallThk Stem Wall thickness Stem wall thickness Stem wall thickness. Maximal level of fluorescence measured from a light adapted leaf. FmLA Measurement Measurement of flour/whole meal/grain color with the Minolta chromameter, L value represents whiteness, a* value (reddishness) represents red and green colors and b* value (yellowness) represents yellow and blue colors. Using the Minolta Chroma Meter Test: 1. A sample of flour/whole meal/grain is placed on the granular materials attachment and compacted, 2. The Minolta Chroma Meter is inserted into the granular materials attachment, 3. Measurements are taken and recorded, 4.Color results are reported in terms of 3-dimensional color values based on the following rating scale: L* value whiteness: 100 white, 0 black, a* value positive +60 red color, negative values -60 green color, b* value positive +60 yellow color, negative values -60 blue color. Minolta Chroma Meter Test StrawStn Strength Straw strength Straw Strength of straw. The wheat seed-gall nematode damage caused by Anguina tritici. Seed gall nematode damage SGNDmg Seed gall nematode damage Plant Grain appearance Grain GApp Appearance of a single grain. Appearance Soil borne mosaic incidence Soil borne mosaic incidence in the plants caused by the agent soilborne wheat mosaic virus (sbwmv) which is vectored by Plasmodiophorid polymyxa graminis. SBMVInc Leaf Soil borne mosaic incidence Hardness Grain hardness is used as a grading factor to determine the type of wheat. It is a key determinant for classification of wheat and end product quality. Grain Grain hardness GHrd Carbon fixation by photosynthesis at saturating light and CO2. Leaf Light and carbon dioxide-saturated net photosynthesis Leaf light and carbon dioxide-saturated net photosynthesis Amax Take all incidence GgtriInc Take all incidence Plant Take-all incidence in the plants caused by the agent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (ggt). grain/spike spikelet GPhos Measurement Standard method for grain phosphorus content. SplN Counting Both the total number of spikelets and the number of fertile spikelets (i.e., those containing grain) per spike should be counted towards the end of grain-filling, but before physiological maturity (to avoid losses due to movement through the plots). Randomly sample 5-10 spikes per plot, by selecting at the base of the culm. Count the total number of spikelets (pair-by-pair, from the base to the tip), then obtain the average. When sampling large numbers of samples or plots, time may be saved by randomly counting one side of the spike and multiplying by two. Length Awn AwnLng Awn length. Awn length Net photosynthesis rate Leaf net photosynthesis rate Anet Leaf Carbon fixation by photosynthesis. GHrd Measurement Standard method for grain hardness class. BMNitr Above ground biomass nitrogen content Nitrogen content Nitrogen content of the above ground biomass. Plant tiller/m Dough Dough strength by alveograph. W value is the area under the curve. it is a combination of dough strength (p value) and extensibility (l value). Dough alveograph value W AlvW Alveograph value W Southern blight response in the plants caused by the agent Corticum rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii). Plant SrolfResp Southern blight plant response Southern blight plant response RootRot Estimation Standard method for common root rot incidence. Mat DS87 date Estimation Record date of physiological maturity (approx. DS87). It is estimated as when the grain reaches the maximum dry weight and the grain becomes viable. It is most easily determined in-field when 50% of the peduncles are ripe (i.e., yellow). 0-5 incidence scale SpkPI Spike Partitioning index Spike partitioning index. Spike partitioning index Barley leaf rust incidence PhordInc Barley leaf rust incidence Barley leaf rust incidence in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia hordei. Leaf Standard method for leaf spectral reflectance normalized to R750/700. Leaf R750/R700 Measurement Karnal bunt incidence Spike Karnal bunt incidence Karnal bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia indica (syn. Neovossia indica). TindiInc Growth class Plant GrwCls Classification of vernalization responsive growth habit as winter, facultative or spring wheat. Growth class Standard method for Barley leaf rust incidence. PhordInc Estimation StrawBreak Breakage Amount of straw breakage. Straw breakage Straw FHBSplInc Counting Standard method for FHB infected spikelets counting. GReten Proportion of big grain remaining above the sieve. Grain Grain retention Retention proportion Fusarium leaf blotch incidence Plant Fusarium leaf blotch incidence FnivLBInc Fusarium leaf blotch (pink snow mold, fusarium patch) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Calonectria nivalis (fusarium nivale). StomaFrq Counting Standard method for stomatal frequency. Seedling host responses are normally scored as susceptible or resistant depending on the infection type produced with a designated isolate in a particular environment. The infection type produced will often change if the environment is altered. Seedling rust field response Estimation plant/ha t/ha Calculated time between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87)of crop cycle duration. GFP days Computation g/m2/day SrolfResp Estimation Standard method for southern blight response. 0-8 Rust infection type BM Measurement Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. Biomass as other yield components can be calculated or measured individually (Bell and Fischer, 1994, Reynolds et al., 2001, Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives. Fusarium head blight (scab) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent fusarium spp. FHBAUDPC Spike Fusarium head blight AUDPC Fusarium head blight AUDPC Standard method for net blotch severity. HtereSev Estimation Score the damage caused by hail. HailDmg Estimation Spike TlaevInc Bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia laevis (stinking bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, complete bunt, low bunt, high bunt). Tilletia laevis bunt incidence Tilletia laevis bunt incidence StrawYield_Computation Calculated as difference between biomass and grain yield. Ground cover Crop ground cover Plant GrndCov Crop ground cover, or the percentage of soil surface covered by plant foliage. MIXOGRAPH determination AACC 54-40 A 1. A sample of 35 grams of flour on a 14 percent moisture basis is weighed and placed in a mixograph bowl, 2. Water is added to the flour from a buret and the bowl is inserted into the mixograph, 3. The flour and water are mixed together to form a dough, 4. As the dough is mixed, the mixograph records a curve on graph paper. GlmGlau Estimation Standard method for glume glaucousness. Anthesis thermal time Anthesis thermal time Thermal Time from emergence to Anthesis (GS65). TTA Plant Standard method for tan spot incidence in adult plants. TanSpotInc Estimation Whole meal flour falling number Whole meal flour Falling number WMFlrFN Indication of the amount of sprout damage that has occurred within a wheat sample. falling number value of 350 seconds or longer indicates a low enzyme activity and very sound wheat quality. as the amount of enzyme activity increases, the falling number decreases. Values below 200 seconds indicate high levels of enzyme activity. 0-9 scoring scale Glume color Glume Color GlmCol Color observation on the outer glume at maturity. GFPTT Plant Grain filling period thermal time Time period between anthesis (ds65) and maturity (ds87) in thermal time. Grain filling period thermal time Observe threshability by hand threshing of one or two spikes and rate it according how easily grains are separated from the rachis and glumes using 1 (hard to thresh) to 9 (easy to thresh) scale. Threshblty Estimation Content of zinc in grain. Grain Zinc content GZinc Zinc content Grain Canopy Rarsa is an estimation of chlorophyll a content. Canopy ratio analysis of reflectance spectra chlorophyll a RARSa Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra chlorophyll a ISBM Estimation Standard method for In-season aboveground biomass. TanSpotResp Tan spot plant response Tan spot plant response Tan spot (Pyrenophora yellow leaf blotch, yellow spot) response in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (helminthosporium tritici-repentis). Symptoms: the lesions appear as tan to brown flecks, which expand into large, irregular, oval- or lens-shaped tan blotches with a yellow or chlorotic margin. Leaf Leaf width LeafWid Leaf Width Width of leaf. Leaf LeafR750R700 Leaf spectral reflectance 750/700 nm The normalized amount of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by the leaf at R750/R700 nm wavelength. Spectral reflectance Variable fluorescence measured from a light adapted leaf. FvLA Measurement PhotopResp Estimation Observe the tendency of flowering according day-length BLBSev Estimation Standard method for wheat bacterial leaf blight severity. Rodent damage Plant The plant damage caused by rodent. Rodent damage RodentDmg SpkPI Computation Calculated from shoots sampled seven days after anthesis and SPI is expressed as a ratio and can be calculated as SPI= (dry weight of spikes at anthesis+7/dry weight of the whole plants (shoots) at anthesis+7). SN Computation Calculated from yield components sampling. Standard method for crumb structure. CrmStr Estimation Black point incidence Black point incidence BlkPtInc Grain Black point incidence in the plants caused by the fungal species such as Helminthosporium sativum (Cochliobolus sativus), Alternaria alternata and fusarium spp. also black point symptoms are associated to physiological disorders. Plant HNecro Plant hybrid necrosis incidence Hybrid necrosis incidence Observation of hybrid necrosis. Canopy Normalized pheophytinization index Canopy normalized pheophytinization index Normalized pheophytinization index can be used to detect chlorophyll degradation. NPQI StmLng Measurement Standard method for stem length. Glutenin Glu-A1 composition High molecular weight glutenin subunits of glu-a1. Flour GluA1 Glutenin Glu-A1 composition Calculated with grain yield obtained /days to maturity. GYPR Computation Length Peduncle length Peduncle PedLng Length of peduncle. SpkDis Spike Spike disease development The plant damage caused by spike diseases. Spike disease development Yield factor GYFac Grain Grain yield factor Yield factor. Temperature Canopy CT Canopy temperature The surface temperature of the canopy is related to the amount of transpiration resulting in evaporative cooling. Leaf Leaf rust (brown rust) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita. Leaf rust notes Leaf rust notes PrecoNote Stripe rust spike severity PstriSpkSev Stripe rust spike severity Spike Stripe rust (yellow rust) severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Standard method for leaf rust response. PrecoResp Estimation Calculate number of plant per area. PlntStnd Computation AlvG Dough alveograph value G Dough Alveograph value G G stands for the square root of the volume of air in the bubble that was possible before the bubble burst. shows how flexible the dough was during the test. Leaf Leaf rust incidence PrecoInc Leaf rust (brown rust) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita. Leaf rust incidence Stripe rust (yellow rust) severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. PstriSev Leaf Stripe rust severity Stripe rust severity Snail damage Snail damage Plant The plant damage caused by snails. SnailDmg Emergence time Emergence time Plant Emer Emergence time is when the first leaf appears above the soil surface. SproutTol Estimation Observe the tendency of grain to sprout when in the spike and rate the tolerance. Spike FE Fruiting efficiency Fruiting efficiency The final outcome of the floret developmental rates (determining the number of floret primordia that reach the stage of fertile florets at anthesis) and the proportion of grain set per fertile floret (the opposite to grain abortion), per unit of spike weight. DroughtTol Estimation Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry under droughted condition and rate the tolerance. Flag smut plant response Flag smut plant response UagroResp Flag smut disease response in the plants caused by the agent Urocystic agropyri causing flag smut disease. Plant FHBSplInc Fusarium head blight spikelet incidence Spikelet Fusarium head blight (scab) spikelets incidence caused by the agent fusarium spp. Fusarium head blight spikelet incidence Leaf sheath partitioning index. Sheath partitioning index Leaf LeafSPI Leaf sheath partitioning index Rachis Length of rachis. Rachis length RachLng Length Coefficient of infection (CI) calculated by multiplying the severity times a constant for host response: where immune = 0.0, R=0.2, MR =0.4, MS =0.8, and S=1.0. Rust Coefficient of infection Computation FgramResp Fusarium graminearum response in the plants. Fusarium graminearum plant response Fusarium graminearum plant response Spike Growth habit The growth habit of the plant whether erect/semi-erect/semi-spreading/spreading/prostrate. Plant growth habit GrwHabit Plant grains/tiller g/degree C day Measurement of grain size distribution based on the percent mass of the grains that fall between 2.5 mm - 2.2 mm based on screenings using the Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Image Analysis Screen Mass3 Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. Fs Measurement Infertile spike number Number of infertile spikelet per spike. Number Spike InfertSpkN Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating since emergence until booting (thermal time from da1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. TTB Computation DR DT Computation Number of days from sowing to double ridge (DS14-15 approx.). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. Maximum quantum yield of PSII measured from a dark adapted leaf. FvDAFmLA measurement Stomatal frequency Leaf stomatal frequency Leaf StomaFrq Number of stomata counted per unit area on the leaf surface. Gluten type Flour gluten type Gluten type whether weak-tenacious/tenacious/weak/medium strong/strong. Flour GluTyp Drought tolerance Plant tolerance to drought conditions. Plant DroughtTol Drought tolerance Maximal level of fluorescence intensity measured in the leaf. Leaf FmDL Maximal fluorescence intensity Leaf maximal fluorescence intensity Sharp eyespot incidence in the plants caused by the agent Rhizoctonia cerealis. Sharp eyespot incidence Sharp eyespot incidence Plant RcereInc NIRS Starch Measurement NIR calibrated GFRTT Computation Calculated grain weight increase per degree day with climatic data where degree days are accumulating between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87) of crop cycle duration (thermal time from day1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. GrnSpk Spike Grain number per spike Grain number Number of grains per spike. Standard method for russian wheat aphid damage. DnoxiDmg Estimation Nitrogen content Grain Grain Nitrogen content Whole-grain Nitrogen content. GNitr Standard method for straw yield. StrawYld Estimation Leaf Tan spot incidence TanSpotInc Tan spot incidence Tan spot (Pyrenophora yellow leaf blotch, yellow spot) incidence in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (helminthosporium tritici-repentis). Symptoms: the lesions appear as tan to brown flecks, which expand into large, irregular, oval- or lens-shaped tan blotches with a yellow or chlorotic margin. Septoria nodorum blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Stagonospora nodorum (syn. Septoria glume blotch) (Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Müller) Hedjaroude (syn. Stagonospora nodorum). Septoria nodorum blotch incidence Septoria nodorum blotch incidence SnodoInc Plant Leaf EgramSev Powdery mildew severity Powdery mildew severity Powdery mildew severity in the plants caused by the agent Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe graminis) f. sp. tritici. Flour yield Flour Yield Proportion of flour recovered during milling. FlrYld Leaf area index Plant Leaf area index It is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies and defined as the leaf area per unit ground surface area. LAI Number SN Spike number Spike Number of spikes (fertile culms) per unit area, sample or plant. Stem rust notes Stem rust notes PgramNote Stem rust (black rust) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. Plant Observe vigour of the plants per plot/entry and rate it. ErlVig Estimation 1-5 LRoll scale Coleoptile length Coleoptile Length Length of coleoptile (a protective sheath that surrounds the shoot tip and the embryonic leaves of the young shoot of grasses). ColeopLng BMNUp Computation Calculated as total amount of Nitrogen in the above-ground biomass at harvest. FlrFN Measurement 1. A 7-gram sample of ground wheat or flour is weighed and combined with 25 milliliter of distilled water in a glass falling number tube with a stirrer and shaken to form a slurry. When grinding a wheat sample to perform a falling number test, it should be at least 300 grams to assure a representative sample, 2. As the slurry is heated in a boiling water bath at 100° Centigrade and stirred constantly, the starch gelatinizes and forms a thick paste, 3. The time it takes the stirrer to drop through the paste is recorded as the falling number value. Spike Spike length Length of spike. Length SpkLng Glutenin Glu-B1 composition High molecular weight glutenin subunits of glu-b1. Flour GluB1 Glutenin Glu-B1 composition Standard method for Septoria tritici blotch incidence. StritInc Estimation node BMNUpE N-uptake efficiency as the total amount of Nitrogen in the above-ground plant at harvest in relation to the available Nitrogen in soil. Plant Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency Nitrogen uptake efficiency kg/plot ppm Septoria tritici blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici). symptoms: the lesions are linear and restricted laterally. Plant Septoria tritici blotch severity StritSev Septoria tritici blotch severity Standard method for sawfly damage. SawflyDmg Estimation One of the key quality parameters in the determination of durum quality referring to translucent or glass-like appearance when seeds are transversely sectioned and observed whether not vitreous/partly vitreous/vitreous. it is associated with high protein and hard grain. Grain Grain vitreousness GVtr Vitreousness Measurement of grain size distribution based on the percent mass of the grains that are below 1.6 mm based on screenings using the Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Image Analysis Screen Mass6 Distorted leaves and stems are evident prior to heading. As diseased plants approach maturity, galls are formed in the florets, replacing the kernels. The galls are similar in shape to the seed they replace and are dark brown in color. Large numbers of motile larvae are present within the galls and become active after the galls have been moistened. These nematodes can act as vectors of Clavibacter tritici. SGNDmg Estimation Barley scald severity in the plants caused by the agent Rhynchosporium secalis. Barley scald severity Plant Barley scald severity RsecaSev HsatiLSev Spot blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Cochliobolus sativus (Helminthosporium sativum). Leaf Spot blotch severity Spot blotch severity SuPDmg Estimation Standard method for suni pest damage. GlmPubLng Measurement Standard method for glume pubescence length. m Calculated as the grain yield divided by the total soil Nitrogen. NUE Computation 1-5 density scale Glume Pubescence density Glume pubescence density Glume hairiness density on outer side of sterile glume. GlmPubDen 1-8 generic disease field response scale spike/m2 0-9 AWNS scale Grain Protein Deviation Plant GPD Deviation from the grain yield -grain protein linear regression. Grain protein deviation Image Analysis Screen Mass5 Measurement of grain size distribution based on the percent mass of the grains that fall between 2.0 mm - 1.6 mm based on screenings using the Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Grain Grain phosphorous content Content of phosphorus in grain. GPhos Phosphorous content Septoria blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Septoria species. Septoria blotch severity SepSpSev Septoria blotch severity Leaf 1-5 GHABIT scale Grain color. Grain color Color Grain GCol yyyymmdd Falling number The falling number is defined as the time in seconds required stirring and allowing stirrer to fall a measured distance through a hot aqueous flour or meal gel undergoing liquefaction due to a-amylase activity. Flour Flour falling number FlrFN GThk Measurement Standard method for whole grain thickness. AphDmg The plant damage caused by various species of aphids. Aphid damage Plant Aphid damage Yield Amount (weight) of grains that was harvested. Grain yield GY Grain Observe the growth stage or development stage (DS) of wheat plants using the Zadoks scale decimal code, based on 10 major stages, with each stage divided into sub-stages. GrwStg Zadoks Estimation Straw color Color Straw StrawCol Color of straw. The method was improved by using two digits, representing the vertical disease progress and an estimate of severity. The first digit gives the relative height of the disease using the original 0-9 Saari-Prescott scale as a measure. The second digit shows the disease severity as a percentage but in terms of 0-9. Because it is difficult to evaluate diseases on dead leaves, disease notes should be taken when at least four leaves are still alive and green (soft to mid-dough growth stage). Then visually evaluate the average percentage severity on only those leaves of the uppermost four that are infected. In practice, the percent severity is estimated on an overall score. The following format is used for scoring severity: 10% coverage = 1, 20% coverage = 2, 30% coverage = 3, 40% coverage = 4, 50% coverage = 5, 60% coverage = 6, 70% coverage = 7, 80% coverage = 8, 90% coverage = 9. The score of 10 is not used. Double digit Estimation Variable fluorescence measured from a dark adapted leaf. FvDA Measurement Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. Asat Measurement Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating since emergence until emergence (thermal time from da1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. TTH Computation Calculated as time between emergence (DS10) and first node detectable (DS31) as percentage of crop cycle duration. VgP Computation SBMVInc Estimation Standard method for soil borne mosaic virus incidence. TTM Computation Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating since emergence until physiological maturity (thermal time from da1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. Rating of overall agronomic attributes and health of plants. AgrScr Agronomic score Phenotypic acceptability Plant Normalized water index 3 Canopy normalized water index 3 Normalized water index 3 is used track changes in rwc, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (rwc<0.85). NWI3 Canopy Normalized water index 2 is used track changes in rwc, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and foliage minus air temperature differences when plant water stress is well developed (rwc<0.85). Normalized water index 2 NWI2 Canopy Canopy normalized water index 2 PhordCI Barley leaf rust incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia hordei. Barley leaf rust coefficient of infection Leaf Barley leaf rust coefficient of infection BTol Estimation The response of a cultivar or genotype is expressed on a score 1-9, where 1= highly susceptible and 9 = highly tolerant, based on the extent of bronze colored necrosis of leaf tips extending down the leaf margins Zadoks or decimal code (00-99) TSpl date Estimation Record date of terminal spikelet stage (DS25-30 approx.). It is estimated as the date at which the final spikelet can be observed on the forming spike within the stem of the main culm, typically measured on around 3-5 plants per plot. It required a main tiller dissection and an observation of the apex on an optic magnifier. Thermal Time from emergence to Physiological Maturity (GS87). Physiological maturity thermal time TTM Physiological maturity thermal time Plant FHBAUDPC Computation Calculate area under disease progress curve. StritInc Septoria tritici blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici). symptoms: the lesions are linear and restricted laterally. Septoria tritici blotch incidence Plant Septoria tritici blotch incidence The plant damage caused by insects. Insect damage Plant Insect damage InsectDmg Glume Glaucousness GlmGlau Glaucousness in glume. Glume glaucousness Estimate of the area lodged in the sampled plot. Lodg Estimation Number of grains expressed as per unit area or sample. Grain number Grain Number GN 1-9 general scale TanSpotResp Estimation Standard method for scoring tan spot response in adult plants. AwnCol Color Awn Awn color Awn color. 1-6 MIXTYP scale Standard method for leaf rolling incidence. LRollInc Estimation Heading thermal time TTH Heading thermal time Plant Thermal Time from emergence to Heading (GS55). RNDVI Normalized difference vegetation index is used to measure vegetative greenness and canopy photosynthetic size. Canopy red normalized difference vegetation index Canopy Normalized difference vegetation index infertile tiller/m Glaucousness in leaf. Leaf Glaucousness LeafGlau Leaf glaucousness HavenDmg Estimation Cereal cyst nematodes are more readily detected on seedlings than on adult plants. The roots of infested plants develop frequent branches and swellings (cysts). Plant Plant tolerance to lower temperatures than the optimum. ColdTol Cold tolerance Cold tolerance PrecoSev Leaf rust (brown rust) severity in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita. Leaf rust severity Leaf rust severity Leaf Response (type of disease reaction) in adult plant to stripe rust, refers to the infection type and is classified according to the MCNEAL scale. Field response McNEAL Estimation AcdTol Plant Acid soil tolerance Plant tolerance to acid soil. Acid soil tolerance Record date of heading (DS55) when 50% of the spike is emerged (i.e., middle of the spike at the flag leaf ligule) on 50% of all stems. Hd DS55 date Estimation Take measurements at least two times from full ground cover to the end of booting (pre-heading), and at least two times from the end of anthesis to late grainfilling (grain-filling) -with 5-7 days between each measurement to give a reasonably heritable estimate of trait expression. CT Measurement Moisture content of grain. GMoi Grain moisture content Moisture content Grain HNecro Estimation Some forms of spotting and necrosis result from chromosomal instability or genetic aberrations, these disorders are known as hybrid necrosis. Affected plants show differing degrees of necrosis, often associated with stunting or dwarf clumping. Hybrid necrosis usually is observed in early generation material, and affected progeny are eliminated Germ Proportion of seed that germinate under proper condition. Grain germination Grain Germination WormDmg The plant damage caused by worms. Worm damage Plant Worm damage NupE Computation Calculated as above ground biomass Nitrogen content divided by soil Nitrogen Plant Herbicide damage Herbicide damage HerbicideDmg Plant damage caused by herbicide. 1-3 SIZE scale Leaf Septoria blotch incidence in the plants caused by the agent Septoria species. Septoria blotch incidence SepSPInc Septoria blotch incidence RSpkGP Computation Phase period where the spike growth the most regarding the whole crop cycle and can be calculated as (anthesis date-initiation of booting date)/days to maturity *100. Whole meal flour ash content Ash content Ash content in flour. Whole meal flour WMFlrAsh Is the result of dividing sedimentation volume by flour protein content. SedIdx Flour SDS sedimentation index Sedimentation index Flour Plant Above ground biomass nitrogen efficiency The above ground biomass production per total Nitrogen available to a plant. Nitrogen Use Efficiency BMNUE Alternaria leaf blight plant response Alternaria leaf blight plant response Leaf Alternaria leaf blight response in the plants caused by the agent Alternaria triticina. AtritResp Plant SuPDmg The plant damage caused by suni pest (Eurygaster spp., sunn pest, suni bug). Suni pest damage Suni pest damage Fusarium graminearum severity in the plants. Fusarium graminearum severity Spike Fusarium graminearum severity FgramSev Dwarf bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia controversa. TcontInc Dwarf bunt incidence Spike Dwarf bunt incidence Standard method for straw strength. StrawStn Estimation LeafThk Measurement Standard method for leaf thickness. Standard method for insect damage. InsectDmg Estimation Standard method for leaf spectral reflectance normalized to R675. Leaf R675 Measurement Vigour Plant Plant vigour PlntVig Capacity of the plant to grow. 1-9 scoring scale GlmPubLng Pubescence length Glume Glume pubescence length Glume pubescence length on outer side of sterile glume. StrawBreak Estimation Standard method for straw breakage. RUE Computation Measurement of Radiation Use Efficiency as described in Pask et al., 2012, chapter 11, Mullan and Pietragalla. NIRS Measurement NIR calibrated based on Kjeldahl results. Leaf rust (brown rust) incidence/severity/response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia recondita. PrecoCI Leaf rust coefficient of infection Leaf Leaf rust coefficient of infection StomaSiz Leaf stomatal size Stomatal size Leaf Stomata size. An tillering capacity. Tillering capacity TllrCapacity Plant Tillering capacity Minimal level of fluorescence measured from a light adapted leaf. FoLA Measurement GLng Grain Grain length Length Length of whole grain. StmWSC NIR Measurement Water soluble carbohydrates of stem dry weight measured with NIRs. 1-3 GROWTHCLS scale The plant damage caused by armyworm. ArmyWDmg Plant Armyworm damage Armyworm damage Number of days from sowing to booting stage (DS45). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. Boot DS45 DT Computation GIron Measurement Standard method for grain iron content. g/day DnoxiDmg Russian wheat aphid damage Plant Russian wheat aphid damage The plant damage caused by Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxis. Root Cyst nematode damage Cyst nematode damage The wheat cyst nematode damage caused by cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae. HavenDmg TllrGW Measurement The weight of the grain taken per tiller. Standard method for leaf width. LeafWid Measurement WtrLoggDmg Waterlogging damage Plant Waterlogging damage Plants killed as a result of winter conditions. Standard method for barley scald blight severity. RsecaSev Estimation GrnTllr Computation Count the total number of grains per tiller. Stem rust (black rust) response in the plants caused by the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici. Plant Stem rust plant response PgramResp Stem rust plant response Flag leaf senescence Flag leaf senescence. Flag leaf Senescence FLeafSen Plant tolerance to soil salinity. Salinity tolerance SaltTol Salinity tolerance Plant Measurement of grain size distribution based on the percent mass of the grains that fall between 2.8 mm - 2.5 mm based on screenings using the Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Image Analysis Screen Mass2 Tiller Number of total tillers (fertile and infertile) per unit area, sample or plant. TN Tiller number Tiller number RepP Computation Calculated as time between double ridge (approx. DS14) and anthesis (DS65) as percentage of crop cycle duration. Grain fibre content Fibre content Grain Content of fibre (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in the whole wheat grain samples. Gfibre Grain Iron content Grain Iron content Content of iron in grain. GIron Specific leaf area Specific leaf area Leaf A ratio of the leaf area to dry mass. SLA Standard method for stem wall thickness. StmWallThk Measurement Density or compactness of a wheat spike. SpkDen Density Spike density Spike Plant First node detectable time First node detectable time is when the stem starts the elongation or jointing period, first node becomes visible as it appears above the soil surface. First node detectable time FND 0-9 RCERE scale StritResp Septoria tritici blotch plant response Plant Septoria tritici blotch plant response Septoria tritici blotch response in the plants caused by the agent Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici). symptoms: the lesions are linear and restricted laterally. Standard method for sedimentation index. SedIdx Measurement Size Grain size Grain GSize Grain size. Note Estimation Notes taken in the field. 0-5 Septoria Response scale LeafPubLng Measurement Standard method for leaf pubescence length. Standard method for grain color. GCol Estimation SLA Measurement Leaf area of flag leaf or all laminas is measured. Then the leaves are oven dried at 60-70oC for 48h and the dry weight is recorded. Then, the specific leaf area is calculated as the ratio of leaf area to dry mass SLA= leaf area/dry mass. GVtr Estimation Standard method for seed vitreousness. Root PnegleDmg The plant damage caused by root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus. Pratylenchus neglectus damage Pratylenchus neglectus damage mm2 AlvPL Dough alveograph P/L Ratio of tenacity (p, maximum pressure required for the deformation of the sample) and extensibility (l, length of the curve) of dough. Dough Alveograph P/L Canopy Canopy ratio analysis of reflectance spectra carotenoid RARSc Rarsc is an estimation of carotenoid content. Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra carotenoid LRollSev Estimation Standard method for leaf rolling severity. The weight of the grain harvested is registered on a scale, decide which method suit better for your objectives. In breeding trials, a sample area (rather than the whole plot) is generally used for estimating yield. Discard borders when combine harvest for a better estimation of yield. GY Measurement Standard method for spectral reflectance. LeafPSSRb Measurement Stem strength Stem StmStrength Strength Strength of the culm. Aboveground biomass at maturity All above-ground biomass at maturity. Plant Aboveground biomass at maturity BM GlmPubDen Estimation Standard method for glume pubescence density. DR date Estimation Record date of double ridge stage (DS14-15 approx.). Double ridge signifies that the plant?s main growing point will produce no more primordial leaves, and instead will produce primordial spikelets of the young spike. The dissection and observation of the main tiller apex on an optic magnifier is required. Carbon isotope discrimination Grain GCID Grain carbon isotope discrimination Grain carbon isotope discrimination at maturity from drought trials provides genotypic effects most likely to be related to transpiration rate or an integrative measurement of stomatal conductance. TTTS Computation Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating since emergence until terminal spikelet(thermal time from da1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. Nitrogen harvest index Plant Nitrogen harvest index The fraction of Nitrogen recovered in the harvested grain as a function of the total Nitrogen taken up. NHI a value Diameter Stem outer diameter. Stem Stem diameter StmDia TllrCapacity Estimation Standard method for tillering capacity. Standard method for leaf spectral reflectance normalized to R550. Leaf R550 Measurement tiller/m2 Standard method for content of deoxynivalenol or DON (vomitoxin) that is often associated with FHB (Fusarium spp.) infected grains. FHBDON Measurement Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating since emergence until anthesis (thermal time from da1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. TTA Computation Shattering Estimation Standard method for spike shattering. 1-5 GRNCOL scale Laboratory seed test for germination should be carried out before seeding to calculate seeding rates or determine the status of storage seed. The percentage of seeds capable of producing normal seedlings under ordinarily favorable conditions (not including seeds which produce weak, malformed, or obviously abnormal sprouts), determined by methods ISTA seed testing protocols. Germ Measurement Ant DS65 date Estimation Record date of anthesis (DS65) when 50% of spikes have flowered (i.e. at least 1 anther dehisced). kg/ha Dough Dough alveograph P/G Alveograph P/G It is the p/g ratio. AlvPG Standard method for karnal bunt incidence. TindiInc Estimation Early vigour Plant early vigour Plant Capacity of a seedling or plant to grow vegetatively in early stages of development. ErlVig Tilletia tritici incidence is usually expressed as the percentage of bunted spikes within a row. TtritInc Estimation Water soluble carbohydrates of stem dry weight measured with chemical method Antrone. StmWSC Atrone Measurement µm GrndCov Measurement (GS15) Standard method for ground cover at 5 leaves stage. Neck break Observation of spike break from the base of head. Peduncle neck break NeckBreak Peduncle plant/m num CropGrwRate Computation Standard method for crop growth rate. Standard method for anther extrusion. AnthExt Estimation LeafPubLng Leaf Pubescence length Leaf pubescent length. Leaf pubescence length HtereSev Net blotch severity Net blotch severity in the plants caused by the agent Pyrenophora teres (Helminthosporium teres). Net blotch severity Leaf Standard method for loose smut incidence. UtritInc Estimation 1-5 incidence scale FHBGInc Estimation Standard method for FHB grain incidence. Standard method for bird damage. BirdDmg Estimation method_of Grain number per tiller Number of grains per tiller. GRATIL Grain number Tiller GFP Grain filling period Plant Grain filling period Time period between anthesis (ds65) and maturity (ds87). Rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide through the stomata. Leaf stomatal conductance Leaf StomaCond Stomatal conductance Leaf Length of leaf. LeafLng Leaf length Length Dough AlvIe Alveograph extensibility index It is the extensibility index of the dough. (p200/p)*100, p200: pressure (p) at 4 cm (l= 40mm) of the curve. Dough alveograph extensibility index Calculated as grain yield per unit of Nitrogen taken up. Nute Computation Wheat bacterial leaf blight severity in the plants caused by the agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. symptoms: small (less than 0.04 inches) water-soaked lesions expand and eventually coalesce. initial lesions become necrotic and turn from gray-green to tan-white. Entire leaves may become necrotic, but heads and glumes are typically symptomless. BLBSev Bacterial leaf blight severity Leaf Bacterial leaf blight severity Standard method for whole meal flour yellow pigment. WMFlrYellPig Measurement AcdTol Estimation Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry in a low pH (acid) soil field and rate the tolerance. Length Stem Length of stem. Stem length StmLng Standard method for whole meal flour falling number. WMFlrFN Measurement 15).]]> FlrYellCls Measurement Reproductive period RepP Plant Reproductive period Time between double ridge (approx. ds14) and anthesis (ds65). Calculated with climatic data where degree days are accumulating between anthesis (DS65) and maturity (DS87) of crop cycle duration (thermal time from day1+day2+day3...). To calculate daily thermal time= (Temperature max + Temperature min)/2. GFPTT Computation 0-9 GRNAPP scale Sampling for water soluble carbohydrate is often combined with in-season biomass sampling and partitioning. Ensure to plan sampling approach carefully to allow for maximal data collection/economy of sampling (e.g., data on partitioning weights can be collected on the same 20 culm sample). The leaf lamina and/or leaf sheath may also be analyzed for WSC separately, or not removed from the stem for ?whole stem? analysis. Lab analysis is performed by NIR or wet chemical method. StmWSC Measurement Standard method for grain lysine content. GLys Measurement Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency Grain Nitrogen utilization efficiency Nitrogen utilization efficiency as the grain dry mass in relation to the total amount of Nitrogen in above-ground plant at harvest. NutE Grain Common root rot incidence Common root rot incidence Plant RootRot Common root rot incidence in the plants caused by the agents Cochliobolus sativus, fusarium spp., and Pythium species. Plant BMNUtE Biomass Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency as the biomass in relation to the total amount of N in above-ground plant at harvest. Biomass Nitrogen utilization efficiency Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency GluTyp Estimation Gluten type is determined based on gluten properties data (flour protein content, Alveograph W, Alveograph P/L) following Peña 2011: Wheat End-use Quality types. FHBSplInc Computation Calculated as the index (ratio) of infected spikelets over total number of spikelets by Calonectria nivalis (Fusarium nivale, F. graminearum) causing scab disease in spike. ArmyWDmg Estimation Standard method for armyworm damage. Standard method for stomatal size. StomaSiz Measurement Standard method for Spot blotch incidence. HsatiLInc Estimation g/l Standard method for leaf spectral reflectance normalized to R750/R550. Leaf R750/R550 Measurement Root Root disease development The plant damage caused by root diseases. RootDis Root disease development Sampling is typically performed at sequential developmental stages/time intervals through crop growth. Cut all aboveground biomass in a predetermined area (A). Avoid border effects by sampling away from edges of plot. In most cases, determinations of dry mass are made on representative sub-samples to reduce oven space requirement, take additional measurements (e.g., fertile culm count) etc. Several protocols available (Bell and Fischer, 1994, Reynolds et al., 2001, Pask et al., 2012), decide which method suit better for your objectives. ISBM Computation FnivLBSev Fusarium leaf blotch (pink snow mold, fusarium patch) severity in the plants caused by the agent Calonectria nivalis (fusarium nivale). Plant Fusarium leaf blotch severity Fusarium leaf blotch severity Lodg Lodging incidence Indicates incidence of lodged plants. Plant Lodging incidence Standard method for stomatal resistance. StomaRes Measurement HgramInc Estimation Standard method for Barley Helminthosporium leaf stripe incidence. STR NIRS Measurement Straw NIR calibrated. Measure the length of individual culms from soil surface to the tip of the spike (do not include awn) and record to the nearest centimeter. (Average of 4-10 plants/culms per plot). PH Measurement Standard method for screening grain size distribution ranging from 2.0 ? 1.6 Screen using Seed Count (SC5000R) machine. Image Analysis Screen Count5 BYDInc Estimation Standard method for barley yellow dwarf incidence. StmDia Measurement Standard method for stem diameter. FHBSpkWt Computation Relative spike weight is calculated by dividing spike weight (at maturity) from infected by the non-infected. STRNitr Straw Nitrogen content Straw Nitrogen content Nitrogen content of the above ground straw biomass. 0-5 TANSPOT field response scale StdEst Plant Measurement of plant emergence and vigor in the field. Stand establishment Establish GW Grain Grain weight usually expressed as weight of single, one hundred, two hundred or thousand grains. Grain weight Weight Boot DS39 DT Computation Number of days from sowing to initiation of booting (DS39-DS41). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. Asat Light-saturated net photosynthesis Leaf Leaf light-saturated net photosynthesis Carbon fixation by photosynthesis at saturating light. Terminal spikelet time Terminal spikelet time Terminal spikelet time is when the last spikelet, the terminal spikelet, has been produced. Plant TSpl delta 13C FlrProt Total protein content (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in refined flour. Flour protein content Protein content Flour mmol H2O/m2/s GYPR Grain yield production rate. Grain Grain yield production rate Yield production rate AlTol Estimation Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry in a soil presenting aluminum toxicity and rate the tolerance. BMNUte Computation Calculated as biomass per unit of Nitrogen taken up. Nitrogen uptake Straw STRNUp Straw Nitrogen uptake Uptake of Nitrogen in the whole above ground straw. Number of infertile tillers per unit area, sample or plant. InfertTN Number Infertile tiller number Infertile tiller Seedling rust field response Estimation Seedling host responses are normally scored as susceptible or resistant depending on the infection type produced with a designated isolate in a particular environment. The infection type produced will often change if the environment is altered. mmol/m2/s Dry weight of spike(s). Spike dry weight SpkDW Spike dry weight Spike GPlump Estimation Standard method for grain plumpness. RsolaInc Rhizoctonia root rot incidence in the plants caused by the agent Rhizoctonia solani. Rhizoctonia root rot incidence Rhizoctonia root rot incidence Plant Standard method for loaf volume. LofVol Measurement SpkPho Computation Textile treatment is used to inhibit photosynthesis of the spikes through shading(comparison between control and treated spikes). Randomly selected spikes (for example: 12 spikes) per plot are covered with a special designed textile 10 days after anthesis under irrigation and drought or 10 days after heading under heat environments. Then, at physiological maturity the spikes are harvested together with 12 control spikes and the number of grains and weight are recorded and compared the treated spikes with the control ones (Sanchez-Bragado et al., 2016). Standard method for hessian fly damage. HesFlyDmg Estimation Standard method for foliar disease development. FolDis Estimation plant/plot AtritResp Estimation Standard method for Alternaria leaf blight field response. ml/% Standard method for grain amylopectin content. GAmyloPec Measurement AwnLng Measurement Standard method for awn length. Whole meal flour SDS-sedimentation volume Whole meal flour SDS sedimentation Testing of whole-meal flour quality by SDS-sedimentation, a test estimating gluten-protein overall quality. WMFlrSDS Standard method for stem color. StmCol Estimation Harvest index is expressed in percentage and can be calculated as Harvest index (%) = (Grain yield/Biomass)*100. HI Computation It can be easily and non-destructively measured during grain-filling (i.e., before physiological maturity) by counting in a given area or length of row. SN Measurement Heat tolerance HeatTol Plant tolerance to heat conditions. Heat tolerance Plant GNDVI Measurement Standard method for spectral reflectance. Tilletia tritici bunt incidence Spike TtritInc Bunt incidence in the plants caused by the agent Tilletia tritici (stinking bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, complete bunt, low bunt, high bunt). Tilletia tritici bunt incidence Leaf Leaf carbon isotope discrimination LeafCID Leaves carbon isotope discrimination can be measured in the leaves during early canopy development in well irrigated trials, in which case genotypic effects will be related mainly to transpiration efficiency. Carbon isotope discrimination BMPR Computation Calculated with final biomass obtained /days to maturity. grain/spikelet RsolaInc Estimation Standard method for rhizoctonia root rot incidence. NIR calibrated NIRS Fibre Measurement GReten Measurement Measured as weight by percentage of all matter remaining above a 2 mm slotted screen ? 40 shakes in the direction of the slots. Grain Amylopectin content Content of amylopectin in grain. GAmyloPec Grain amylopectin content 1-6 SPKTYPE scale variable_of WtrLoggDmg Estimation Score the damage caused by waterlogging Number of days required from sowing to when 50% of spikes have flowered (DS65). However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination, or from emergence date. Ant DS65 DT Computation tiller/plant Leaf tip necrosis is observed and rated in percentage. LeafTNecro Estimation g/100 grain GWid Measurement Standard method for whole grain width. LeafTR Leaf transpiration rate. Leaf transpiration rate Leaf transpiration rate Leaf Calculate grain yield of an entry as percentage over a local check. GY Relative to check Computation infertile tiller/m2 1-3 FLRYELLCLS scale 0-9 DAMAGE scale GlmLng Length Glume length Length of glume. Glume Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry at temperature lower than the optimum temperature and rate the tolerance. ColdTol Estimation CiCa Measurement Standard method for gas exchange and fluorescence measurements. Standard method for take all incidence. GgtriInc Estimation Spikelet Number of grains per spikelet. Grain number Grain number per spikelet GrnSpl 1-3 STRAWStrength TTIB Thermal Time from emergence to Initiation of Booting (GS41). Booting initiation thermal time Plant Initiation of Booting thermal time PnegleDmg Estimation Above-ground symptoms of root lesion nematodes are often indistinct and difficult to identify, but include poor vigor, stunted growth, poor tillering, and wilting in response to moisture stress. Often, crop growth in an infected field will be irregular or patchy. Below ground, cereal roots will display generalized root browning, with lesions rapidly coalescing to produce extensive areas of discoloration. Lesions are only readily observed on the roots in the very early stages of infection. Lateral roots will be reduced in both length and number, and the root system may be thin and poorly branched or appear necrotic. Standard method for standard establishment. StdEst Estimation TSPI Computation True Stem Coefficient = True stem DM measured at 7 DAA/whole plant DM at 7 DAA. Individual shoots (for example: 10-20) are harvested seven days after anthesis and the shoots are separated into: spikes, leaf laminas, true stem, leaf sheath. The dry weight of true stem is recorded and the total dry weight calculated. The partitioning index is calculated comparing the weight of each individual part regarding the total weight of the plant. 0-9 AnthExt g/1000 grain BM NIRS Computation Calculated as sum of straw Nitrogen content and grain Nitrogen content according to the biomass partition into straw and grain. GrnSpl Computation Sample as for spikelets per spike randomly select 5-10 spikes per plot, by selecting at the base of the culm. Count the spikelets, thresh, count grains, and calculate, or less accurately simply calculate from calculated grains per spike and measured spikelet number. cm2 Classification of vernalization responsive growth habit as winter, facultative or spring wheat GrwCls Estimation 0-9 Mc Neal scale Standard method for awnedness. Awns Estimation Standard method for flag leaf lamina width. FLeafLWid Measurement 1-3 GRNPLUMP scale SnodoInc Estimation Standard method for Septoria nodorum blotch incidence Standard method for root disease development. RootDis Estimation 1-8 rust field response scale 1-4 HRDCLS scale 1-6 COLOR scale Grain weight increase per degree day in the period between anthesis (ds65) and maturity (ds87). Grain fill rate thermal time Plant Grain fill rate thermal time GFRTT RLNDmg Estimation Above-ground symptoms of root lesion nematodes are often indistinct and difficult to identify, but include poor vigor, stunted growth, poor tillering, and wilting in response to moisture stress. Often, crop growth in an infected field will be irregular or patchy. Below ground, cereal roots will display generalized root browning, with lesions rapidly coalescing to produce extensive areas of discoloration. Lesions are only readily observed on the roots in the very early stages of infection. Lateral roots will be reduced in both length and number, and the root system may be thin and poorly branched or appear necrotic. SaltTol Estimation Observe the growth of plants per plot/entry at the field presenting soil salinity and rate the tolerance. BMPR Biomass Production per day Biomass production rate. Biomass production rate ?mol/m2/s 1-3 SEDVTR scale Standard method for grain appearance. GApp Estimation scale_of Canopy Stay green StayGreen Canopy stay green Ability of the plant to remain/maintain green leaves, stems and spikes at the time of senescing. g/plant %/min